P. OVIDII NASONIS 
CARMINA SELECTA 



SELECTIONS FROM OVID 



CHOSEN TO MEET THE NEW REQUIREMENTS 

OF THE COLLEGE ENTRANCE 

EXAMINATION BOARD 



BY 
FRANCIS W. KELSEY 

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 
AND 

JARED W. SCUDDER 

ALBANY ACADEMY 



<>:*co 



ALLYN and BACON 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 

ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 



W\ 






■fh^ 



COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY 
FRANCIS W. KELSEY AND JARED W. SCUDDER 



Norfoooti ^Prcs0 

J. S. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 



NOV 29 '22 

©C1A690440 






PREFACE 

This is not, as might be supposed, a revision of Pro- 
fessor Kelsey's well-known Selections from Ovid. It 
is merely an adaptation of portions of that book to the 
new requirements of the College Entrance Examina- 
tion Board. 

The Introduction has been retained without change. 
It includes a valuable compendium on Greek and Roman 
mythology. 

The text follows the readings of Riese or Merkel. In 
addition to the seven Selections prescribed by the Board, 
two have been specially provided for rapid reading at 
sight with comments at the bottom of the page. 

The Notes are adapted to the needs of secondary 
school pupils, and aim to arouse their interest in mythol- 
ogy and appreciation of poetry. 

The treatise on Reading Latin Verse contains : 

i. A brief presentation of the principles of prosody 
and rules of quantity that are needed by the beginner 
in the study of the dactylic hexameter. 

2. Practical application of these principles and rules 
to the measuring of the hexameter. 

3. Suggestions in regard to the proper method of Read- 
ing Latin Verse. 

This has been included in the hope that it will stimu- 
late the pupil to master the hexameter and reach the 
point where he will thoroughly enjoy reading Ovid's 
verses aloud in the original. 

Jared W. Scudder 

iii 



CONTENTS 



INTRODUCTION : 
I. Ovid and his Works : 
i. Life of Ovid 
ii. The Works of Ovid 
iii. Ovid as a Poet 



l. 
ii. 



in. 



II. The Greek and the Roman Mythology: 

Of Mythology in General 

Character of the Greek and the Roman Mythol- 
ogy 

Outline of the Greek Mythology . 

i. Myths of the Origin and Government of the 
World 

2. Myths of the Origin and Early Life of Man 

3. Myths of Deities 

4. Myths of Heroes ..... 
iv. Outline of the Roman Mythology . 

1. Myths of Deities 

2. Myths of Demi-gods and Heroes . 



PAGE 

1 

6 

10 



15 

20 
24 

24 
27 
29 

37 
42 

43 
49 



TEXT: 



Metamorphoses : 


1. 


Cadmus 


2. 


Pyramus et Thisbe 


3- 


Perseus 


4- 


Niobe 


5. 


Daedalus et Icarus 


6. 


Orpheus et Eurydice 


7. 


Midas 



51 
56 

60 
64 
70 

72 

75 



vi CONTENTS 

For Sight Translation page 

i. Deucalion et Pyrrha . . . . . . 79 

2. Philemon et Baucis ...... 85 

NOTES ( 91 

English Pronunciation of Proper Names . . .117 

Reading Latin Verse 120 

Vocabulary 131 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACING PAGE 

Fortuna and Mercury 9 

The Dawn 14 

Ares, or Mars 52 

Hera, or Juno "58 

Athene, or Minerva 62 

Niobe, with the youngest daughter 68 

Apollo 72 

Diana as Huntress 76 

Zeus, or Jupiter 86 

Falchion loaned by Hermes to Perseus .... 100 



INTRODUCTION 



I. OVID AND HIS WORKS, 
i. Life of Ovid. 

Publius Ovidius Naso was born March 20, B.C. 43. His 
birthplace was Sulmo, now Solmona, a provincial town roman- 
tically situated in the mountainous territory of the Peligni, 
seven miles from Corfinium, and about ninety miles east of 
Rome. He belonged to an old family of the equestrian 
rank, his father being a man of considerable wealth. 

His parents intended that both he and his brother, a year 
older than himself, should fit themselves for public life. With 
this end in view, the two boys were taken by their father to 
Rome and placed under the best teachers of the time. Their 
training was chiefly rhetorical, consisting in the composition 
and delivery of argumentative or hortatory speeches upon 
fictitious themes. 

For these exercises the brother early showed a marked 
proficiency; but Ovid found argument irksome, and soon 
revealed a decided bent for poetical composition. In vain 
his father, a man of a thoroughly practical turn of mind, 
tried to dissuade him from verse- making, often saying, " Why 
dabble with so useless a pursuit ? Even Homer left no prop- 
erty ! " Of their own accord, the poet tells us, his words 
ran into metre, and whatever he tried to write became verse. 
According to the testimony of the rhetorician Seneca, who 



2 INTRODUCTION 

heard Ovid declaim, his oratorical efforts were not without 
merit, although his discourse resembled " loose poetry.' 1 This 
training in declamation afterwards left many traces in the 
poet's verse. 

After the loss of his brother, who died at the age of 
twenty, Ovid continued his studies at Athens, where he mas- 
tered the Greek language. Later, he travelled extensively in 
Asia Minor and Sicily. Finally settling at Rome, probably 
at the age of twenty-three or twenty-four, he appears to have 
made some effort to devote himself to practical affairs. He 
held several unimportant public offices, apparently in rapid 
succession. But neither health nor inclination suffered the 
young man to apply himself very closely. He had no am- 
bition to excel in law or in politics. Light-hearted, imagina- 
tive, impressible, he was soon drawn into the vortex of the 
brilliant but dissolute society of the Capital. 

Rome was now no longer the home of heroes, of men sum- 
moned from the field to the senate-house, who despised lux- 
ury and display in comparison with firmness and uprightness 
of character. Fashion as well as authority now centred about 
the Emperor Augustus. Absolutism had shut off many ave- 
nues of advancement formerly open to the ambitious, and had 
lessened the sense of political responsibility resting upon the 
upper classes. The rapid and often dishonorable accumula- 
tion of fortunes in the unsettled state of society resulting from 
civil strifes, greater familiarity with oriental luxury and vices, 
the very reaction from the strain of continual wars to a con- 
dition of undisturbed peace, — these and other causes led to 
an extravagance of social dissipation at Rome, in the days of 
the Early Empire, the like of which has rarely been seen. 

Into this gay and frivolous life Ovid drifted. He soon 
numbered among his friends many of those prominent at the 



OVID AND HIS WORKS 3 

Capital. He sought especially the acquaintance of poets. 
Supported by his patrimony and thus relieved from the ne- 
cessity of labor, whenever the impulse moved him he wrote. 
His poetic powers at first, not unnaturally, expended them- 
selves on subjects congenial to the society in which he moved. 
He published a group of productions the central thought of 
which was love, — not love as revealed in home-life, but judged 
according to the low standard of the age. Later, encouraged 
by the success of these earlier efforts, he freed himself some- 
what from the associations of former years, and attempted 
more serious themes. Ovid was twice married, twice speed- 
ily divorced. His third marriage was more happy, and re- 
mained unbroken till death. 

To the pleasure-loving poet, years had passed quickly and 
merrily by. But in a moment all was changed. Without a 
word of warning, in the year 8 a. d. an order came from the 
Emperor Augustus directing him to leave Rome at once, to 
take up his abode at Tomi, a dreary Roman outpost on the 
Black Sea. near the mouths of the Danube. His property 
was not confiscated, but the sentence amounted to perpetual 
exile. 

The cause of the decree of banishment is not known. The 
reason assigned was the impropriety of certain of Ovid's love- 
poems, which, however, had been published at least ten years 
before and in reality were no worse in their tendencies than 
other similar productions of the time. The real reason, hinted 
at by Ovid in several poems, was evidently some ground oi 
private offence which Augustus had against him. the nature 
of which can only be conjectured. It seems not unlikely that 
the poet had unwittingly witnessed something which if known 
might compromise some member of the royal family, and that 
he was relegated to Tomi to get him out of the way. 



4 , INTRODUCTION 

But whether he was banished justly or unjustly, his lot 
was pitiable. Past the age of fifty — the air of joyous Rome 
his very life — past the time when men are able easily to adapt 
themselves to new surroundings, he found exile well-nigh un- 
endurable. Tomi had been recently colonized, and was fre- 
quently attacked by hostile tribes, so that it was in constant 
danger and unrest. The few Romans there were rough and 
uncultured, the natives uncouth barbarians, the climate severe, 
all comforts lacking. 

As verse had been the spontaneous expression of the poet's 
joys, so now it became the vehicle and solace of his troubles. 
He addressed many poems to his friends at Rome, begging 
them to use their influence in securing his pardon. His 
wretched plight even touched the natives, who in their rude 
way did him kindnesses. He in return composed a poem for 
them in their own language, which pleased them greatly. So 
long as Augustus lived, the poet was buoyed up by some hope 
of recall. But when the implacable Tiberius came to the 
throne, even this hope faded away. For nearly three years 
still the poet lived on in sadness ; then died, in 1 7 a. d., and 
was buried near Tomi. 

The character of Ovid was not one of great strength, nor 
one of great weakness. Fond of pleasure, he yet knew when 
to check indulgence and retain his self-control. His nature 
was sensitive, yet not so intense as to be carried away by 
passion or sympathy into self-forgetfulness. Whether in love 
or in anger, he was always himself. He was a kind-hearted, 
affable Roman gentleman. 

Ovid has been criticised for the spirit in which he bore his 
exile. His ceaseless complaints of his hard lot, his adulation 
of Augustus, even though inspired by hope of pardon, and his 
constant supplication of friends to intercede for him, have 



OVID Ax\D HIS WORKS 6 

often been condemned as unmanly. He was certainly not of 
heroic mould. If he had been, his poetry would have lacked 
that ease and grace which distinguish him above every other 
Roman poet. We should remember, too, that the Poems of 
Exile were written at intervals, during a period of eight or 
nine years ; and hence, being received at Rome at different 
times, must have produced a far different impression from that 
left upon us, who have them all together and may read the 
whole collection at a sitting. They were composed also fully 
as much to relieve the poet's own feelings as to move his 
friends. In laudation of Augustus, he simply conformed to the 
fashion of the time. If Vergil and Horace could sing of the 
Emperor as a god upon earth, Ovid certainly should not be 
brought to task for fulsome praise at a time when his very 
life hung trembling in the Emperor's power. Though we may 
not admire Ovid in exile, we can well understand how, torn 
from his home, his wife, and all earth held dear, condemned 
to languish in an inhospitable clime without a single congenial 
companion, he pined away, and finally died broken-hearted. 






6 INTRODUCTION 



ii. The Works of Ovid. 

The works of Ovid now extant may best be considered in 
three groups, — Love-poems, Mythological poems, and Poems 
of Exile. The love-poems were written in the earlier period of 
his life, the mythological poems in middle life, the poems of 
exile when the poet was languishing at Tomi. 

i. Love-Poems. 

Amores, ' Loves.' In three books, containing in all forty- 
nine miscellaneous short poems, chiefly of an amatory char- 
acter. 

Epistidae, or Heroides, ' Epistles.' A collection of fictitious 
love-letters in elegiac verse, supposed to have been written 
by personages of the heroic age to their absent lovers. 
Twenty-one of these epistles are extant, of which certainly 
one, and perhaps six, were composed not by Ovid himself, 
but by some imitator. Among the best-known epistles are 
those of Penelope to Ulysses, Dido to Aeneas, Ariadne to 
Theseus, and Medea to Iason. 

De Medicamine Faciei, ' On Face-cosmetics.' A frag- 
mentary poem of a hundred lines, addressed to the ladies 
and recommending certain preparations for beautifying the 
complexion. 

Ars Amatoria, c Art of Love.' In three books, discussing 
ways of winning and retaining the affections. 

Remedia Amoris, ' Love-cures.' A treatise on the best 
means of conquering an unreciprocated affection. This poem 
and the preceding reflect the luxury and vice of the time, and 
are ill-suited to modern taste. 



OVID AND HIS WORKS 



2. Mythological Poems. 



Fasti, ' Calendar/ In six books, one for each month, from 
January to June inclusive. Among the Romans all holidays, 
and many other days, were associated with traditions con- 
nected with the founding or history or religious observances 
of the City. In his ' Calendar ' Ovid treats the days of each 
month in their order, relating the myths and legends sug- 
gested by them, and introducing some astronomical knowl- 
edge. The subject, ordinarily far from interesting, under the 
poet's hands becomes full of spirit and attractiveness. It is 
probable that Ovid intended to carry the ' Calendar ' through 
the remaining months of the year, but was prevented by his 
banishment. The poem as it stands received its final revi- 
sion at Tomi. Parts of it are unexcelled, in literary finish, 
by any of the poet's other works. The explanations given 
in regard to early Roman rites and legends are of prime 
importance to students of Roman history or antiquities. 

Metamorphoses, ' Transformations.' In fifteen books. This 
poem is the best known of Ovid's works, and, despite some 
blemishes of style, deservedly ranks as a masterpiece. The 
poet had scarcely finished it when the sentence of banish- 
ment fell upon him, and in a fit of desperation he burned the 
manuscript. Fortunately some of his friends had copies, so 
that the poem was not lost to the world. 

The purpose of the Metamorphoses is to set forth the 
changes of form which were related as having taken place, 
through supernatural agencies, from the beginning of the 
world down to the poet's own time. The poem opens with 
the evolution of the world from primal chaos. It closes with 
the apotheosis of Julius Caesar, the fabled transformation of 



8 INTRODUCTION 

that greatest of all the Romans into a star. Between these 
two limits the poet has woven into a continuous and pleasing 
narrative, in a kind of chronological order, two hundred and 
sixteen stories of change. Though having gathered his ma- 
terial from all sources, he has so skilfully inwrought the whole 
that the connection between the different tales rarely appears 
forced. Thirteen of the fifteen books treat chiefly of the 
Grecian myths, the remaining two of the Italian. Taken as 
a whole, the Metamorphoses is a fairly complete compendium 
of the ancient mythology. Apart from its literary charm, it 
is of great value as throwing light upon many peculiar no- 
tions of the Greeks and Romans. 



3. Poems of Exile. 

Tristia, ' Sorrows.' In five books, containing an extended 
appeal to Augustus for a less intolerable place of exile, and 
forty-nine shorter poems, pervaded by melancholy reflections 
and presenting in many lights the hardships and wretched- 
ness of the poet's life at Tomi. 

Ibis, ' Ibis.' So named from an Egyptian wading-bird 
noted for its uncleanness. This enigmatical poem is an in- 
vective directed against some enemy, whose name is with- 
held, but who appears to have made an effort to ruin Ovid's 
reputation at Rome after he was banished. It calls down 
upon the head of the offender all the curses known to the 
language of mythology as well as of passion. Ovid appears 
to have borrowed both the idea and the title of the poem 
from the Greek poet Callimachus. 

Epistulae ex Ponto, 6 Letters from Pontus,' or < Letters from 
the Black Sea.' In four books, containing forty-six letters 
addressed to acquaintances and relatives at Rome, imploring 



OVID AND HIS WORKS 



9 



their intercession with the Emperor on the poet's behalf, and 
filled with the most pitiable complaints. 

Hatieutica % ' Fishery.' A prosy fragment on the fish of 
the Black Sea, showing a marked decline in the poet's 
powers. 

Besides these works, Ovid wrote a tragedy called Medea, 
which was much praised by ancient critics, but unfortunately 
is now lost. 




FORTUNA AND MERCURY. 



FORTUXA, WITH A CORNUCOPIA AND WITH A STEERING-PADDLE RESTING ON 
A BALL; MERCURY, HAVING IN HIS LEFT HAND THE CADUCEUS, IN HIS 
RIGHT HAND A MONEY-BAG. FROM AN ANCIENT WALL-PAINTING. 



10 INTRODUCTION 



iii. Ovid as a Poet. 

In his poetry as in his life, Ovid was the child of his age. 
Brilliant, plastic, versatile, an enthusiast, he found life merry 
or sad, bad or good, and as it impressed him at the time 
he reflected it in his writings. He was a man of the world, 
and so far neither better nor worse than the great majority 
of those with whom he associated. But he differed from 
them in the possession of poetic genius, capable of produc- 
ing works of rare beauty and power. 

His poetry is therefore, first of all, society poetry, vers 
de societe, not because limited in its choice of subjects 
to matters of common talk, but because the poet's point 
of view at all times is that of the drawing-room or the 
dinner-table, — the tone of his poetry that of the cultivated 
social life of his time. Whether he is treating of mat- 
ters grave or gay, religious or secular, mythical or real, the 
same lightness of tone, the same facile touch, are everywhere 
noticeable. 

This characteristic of Ovid is especially noticeable in his 
handling of mythological subjects. What the Romans really 
thought about their gods and heroes will be discussed further 
on. Up to this time poetic tradition had still kept the 
divinities above the level of common life, treating them with 
appropriate formality and reserve, even in the relations most 
akin to those of humanity. Ovid, on the contrary, introduces 
deities of all ranks, from Jupiter down, — the whole range of 
heaven-dwellers, in fact, — as gentlemen and ladies accustomed 
to good society, whose jealousies, intrigues, loves, and bicker- 



OVID AND HIS WORKS 11 

tags read very much like a modern novel. Ovid was a 
romancer as well as poet. 

Tiiis nonchalant presentation of the characters and myths 
of the old religion could hardly fail to please the poet's free- 
thinking contemporaries, and was one of the principal reasons 
why his works immediately became popular. He had 
touched a responsive chord. The light handling of mytho- 
logical personages, once attempted successfully, naturally 
did not stop. The same spirit which inspired Ovid led the 
witty Lucian, a century later, to make the gods and goddesses 
objects of the keenest satire and ridicule. 

Ovid well illustrates the saying that " the poet is born, 
not made." In no other Roman poet was the inborn 
tendency to versification so marked and so irresistible. 
With him verse was the natural mode of expression. When 
a youth he often wrote verses for his own amusement, then 
wisely committed his careless scribbiings to the flames. This 
ease of poetic composition, however, had its corresponding 
dangers. It led the poet at times into dirTuseness and loose- 
ness of expression, and made the work of careful re- 
vision and criticism irksome. But when we compare the 
amount Ovid wrote with that of the other Roman poets, 
we are surprised to find that the average quality is so 
excellent. Ovid left more than twice as many lines as Vergil, 
four times as many as Horace or Lucretius, eight times as 
many as Propertius, and more than fifteen times as many as 
Catullus or Tibullus. In so voluminous a writer it is remark- 
able that dull lines are not more common than they are. 

The poetry of Ovid is highly imaginative, and, judged 
by the standards of the times, full of originality. Like all 
Roman writers, he drew both his inspiration and his ideas 
largely from the Greek literature. He also borrowed freely 



12 INTRODUCTION 

from his predecessors in his own tongue. His originality 
showed itself both in the bold and vigorous handling of old 
themes, and in the new life which he put into everything 
he touched. His poetic taste was much influenced by his 
early training in rhetoric and oratory. This is apparent 
especially in the adroit and eloquent pleadings put into the 
mouths of various characters in his poems, in the declamatory 
tone of several of the Poems of Exile, and in the often 
graceful and elegant transitions by which the stories in the 
Metamorphoses are knit together. 

According to the common classification, Ovid's poetry 
was partly lyric, principally didactic. The Metamorphoses, 
usually considered didactic, possesses so great unity of sub- 
ject ' and continuity of action that it may almost be ranked 
as an epic. 

Ovid's manner of expression is usually simple and flowing* 
His verse is often pathetic, never intense ; sometimes ele- 
vated, never sublime ; abounding in humorous turns, fre- 
quently with touches of delicate irony. It is marred now 
and then by the introduction of incongruous ideas or 
images, by detailed descriptions where more should be left 
to the imagination of the reader, and by the repetition of 
ideas or phrases, intended to heighten the effect but some- 
times weakening it. 

Yet Ovid is one of the most entertaining of poets. He 
seems always to be standing in a relation of easy familiarity 
with the reader. He is never in haste ; always fond of a 
digression, he is sometimes led to sacrifice the dignity of his 
narrative for the sake of a clever turn ; grave passages are 
now and then interrupted by misplaced pleasantry. But this 
free and easy style on the whole adds the charm of freshness 
to his verse, and makes it seem imbued with the modern 



OVID AND HIS WORKS 13 

spirit. From this point of view, in contrast with the stately 
forms of expression generally used by Greek and Roman 
writers, the manner of Ovid has justly gained for him the 
characterization, " the most modern of the ancients." 

The influence of Ovid upon modern literature has been very 
great. The early Italian writers in particular give evidence of 
intimate acquaintance with his works. In the most creative 
periods of English literature he was more widely read and 
appreciated than at present. The writings of Spenser, Shake- . 
speare, Milton, Dryden, Addison, Pope, and their contem- 
poraries, are full of Ovidian reminiscences. In those days 
Ovid was preferred to Vergil and Horace. To-day, when 
critical and scientific tendencies are paramount in literature, 
the highly finished poetry of Horace and Vergil is more popu- 
lar than the more imaginative but less delicate verse of our 
poet. 

To modern artists Ovid has suggested more themes for 
artistic treatment than any other ancient writer. Collections 
of paintings and engravings everywhere are full of mythological 
or romantic scenes, recalling his word-pictures. Not merely 
the humbler artists, but more than one of the great masters, 
have consecrated their genius to setting forth his conceptions. 

Unlike either Catullus or Horace, who made use of a great 
variety of metres, Ovid limited himself to two verse forms. 
He uses the dactylic hexameter in the Metamorphoses and 
the Halieutica, and the elegiac distich, consisting of a hex- 
ameter line followed by a pentameter, in his other works. 
The elegiac verse was ordinarily used only in poems of a 
tender or plaintive cast. Ovid, however, finding it easier 
to handle than the hexameter, adopted it as the metre of 
didactic as well as lyric productions, using it even in the 



14 



INTRODUCTION 



* Calendar.' His versification is less polished than that of 
Horace or Vergil, but is uniformly smooth and musical. He 
brought the elegiac verse to its greatest perfection, and gave 
to the hexameter a lightness and freedom of movement unat- 
tained by any other Roman poet. His verses more than any 
other have been set as models for the writing of elegiacs in 
English and continental schools. 




THE DAWN- MATUTA, AURORA, EOS. 

FROM A WALL-PAINTING ^T HERCULANEUM. 



THE CREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 15 



IL THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 

i. Of Mythology in General. 

A myth is a fictitious story, usually explaining some real 
or imagined mystery and involving the action of a super- 
natural agency. A myth thus differs from a fable, which is 
a fictitious story designed to convey or illustrate some moral 
teaching. In the broadest sense of the term, mythology in- 
cludes the consideration of all myths of all peoples, together 
with inquiry into their interpretation, origin, and influence. 
But we may speak also of the mythology of any tribe or 
people taken by itself, as the Greek mythology, the myth- 
ology of the Fiji Islanders. 

Especially in considering the beliefs of ancient peoples, 
mythology should be carefully distinguished from religion. 
The former deals with myths as matters of intellectual ac- 
ceptance, or current report; the latter, only so far as they 
affect the relations of man with the Divine, or give direction 
to the forms of worship. A myth which inspires a religious 
sentiment becomes a superstition. 

The beliefs of all savage and partially civilized peoples con- 
tain a mythological element. In some cases, as in that of the 
Bushmen, this is of the crudest and most fragmentary char- 
acter. In others, as among the ancient Chaldaeans and 
Peruvians, there is a great body of myths, often elaborated 
into a kind of system. Where myths are found current 
among nations advanced in civilization, such as the Greeks 



16 INTRODUCTION 

and Romans, there is abundant evidence to prove that they 
are a survival from an earlier and ruder period. 

Among the myths of all peoples there is a marked simi- 
larity. This may be accounted for on the supposition either 
that myths are everywhere the outgrowth of the same causes, 
and are developed in the same stage of human progress, or 
that certain mythical conceptions became prevalent in the 
remote time before the race was dispersed from a common 
centre, and were carried thence to every part of the earth. 
For at least one great branch of the human family, — the 
Indo-European, — the distribution of myths from a common 
source seems well established. The comparison of languages 
long ago made it clear that the Hindoos and Persians, the 
Greeks, Romans, and Kelts, the Russians, and the Teutonic 
peoples (represented by the Germans, Dutch, and English), 
must have descended from a single stock, the original loca- 
tion of which is by no means settled. A like comparison of 
myths has brought to light so many that in outline at least 
are common to all, or nearly all, the Indo-European peo- 
ples, that theix dissemination from the parent-folk appears 
certain. That a considerable number of myths should have 
spread from on<! people to another, and hence all over the 
world, is in the highest degree unlikely. But as researches 
in Comparative Mythology are still in their infancy, it is un- 
safe at present to state as established any conclusions regard- 
ing the distribution of myths outside of the Indo-European 
family. 

Myths may be classified either according to the subjects of 
which they treat, or according to the kind of supernatural 
personages appearing in them. 

According to subject, the principal classes are : — 



THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 17 

Myths of the beginning and government of the world, 
of the origin and early fortunes of man, 
of the origin of arts, institutions, and observances, 
of death and the hereafter, 
of the heavenly bodies, 
of heroic and romantic adventure or incident. 
Classified according to their supernatural elements, there 
are : — 

Myths of deities, 
of heroes, 

of unnatural beings, such as witches, monsters, an- 
imals with human traits, and the like. 

The origin of myths has been accounted for in various 
ways. Among the Greeks at least four explanations were 
proposed. The earliest was that the divinities of mythology 
are a personification of the elements and powers of nature, 
the relations and conflicts of which are thus figuratively set 
forth. Some considered myths an invention of cunning rulers, 
who thought by this means to inspire a feeling of awe in the 
masses and keep them in check ; using the myths, as Aristotle 
remarks, * for the persuasion of the many, and as a means of 
pressure in favor of laws.' Others attached to them a hidden 
significance, and interpreted them as allegories intended to 
suggest moral or religious truth. Euemerus, a Sicilian Greek 
of the time of Alexander the Great, maintained that the gods 
and heroes were originally men distinguished for their prowess 
and exploits, and that mythology in a distorted way presents 
facts of early history. 

This last theory was favored by some of the early Christian 
writers, though others considered the pagan deities as demons 
who had troubled the world before the coming of Christ. In 



18 INTRODUCTION 

modern times, especially since the sixteenth century, the view 
has had wide prevalence that certain myths resembling the 
Biblical narratives reflect, in a fragmentary and corrupt form v 
a primitive divine revelation, which in its purity is preserved 
in the Book of Genesis. 

Recent investigators in Comparative Mythology agree in 
attributing the origin of myths to purely natural causes. In 
the explanations offered, however, there is considerable di- 
versity. 

Max Miiller and his followers, basing their conclusions 
principally upon an exhaustive analysis of the names of the 
divinities in the Indo-European languages, reduce all myths 
to a primitive personification of the sky, earth, and heavenly 
bodies, and the natural phenomena connected with these, 
emphasizing particularly the sun, clouds, and dawn. The 
extreme advocates of this theory make even the Trojan war 
a form of the Sun-myth, Achilles representing the sun, and 
Helen being " simply the radiant light, whether of the morning 
or of the evening.' * (Cox, * Mythology of the Aryan Nations/ 
p. 389.) With this view Herbert Spencer agrees in many 
points, offering, however, his own explanation of the way that 
the powers of nature came to be looked upon as animate, and 
involved in human relations. 

But of recent theories perhaps that of which Andrew Lang 
is a prominent advocate will be found as reasonable as any. 
This view does not find the origin of myths in the personifi- 
cation of any one class of objects or phenomena, but goes 
back to that far-away time in which the awakening intelli- 
gence of primitive man personified pretty much everything 
about him. In the early days of the race men appear to 
have thought of themselves as intimately related with all 
animal life; hence they considered changes of form of all 



THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 19 

kinds both possible and natural, as savage tribes do to-day. 
Perplexed with questions about the origin of the world, the 
processes of nature, and all forms of life, these early men 
gave the freest scope to the fancy in suggesting explanations. 
Thus myths originated. Though modified in countless ways, 
in their development, by different conditions and influences, 
they seem to have been primarily an attempted solution of 
the problems of the universe and life. 



20 INTRODUCTION 



ii. Character of the Greek and the Roman Mythology. 

The Greek and the Roman Mythology, though often con- 
fused, should be kept distinct. Both Greeks and Romans 
no doubt inherited from the Indo-European parent-folk a 
common fund of mythological conceptions. But these took 
shape in accordance with the peculiar genius, surroundings, 
and development of each people, with results widely different. 

The Greek was by nature highly imaginative, speculative, 
versatile, and poetic. He had, above all, an inborn feeling 
for symmetry, for perfect proportion in parts and relations. 
The early life of the Greek race lay in regions where the 
diversity and striking character of the natural phenomena 
must continually have aroused a feeling of wonder and have 
stimulated the fancy. The lands about the Aegean Sea pre- 
sent every variety of landscape. Rugged mountain ranges 
alternate with narrow valleys and rolling plains. The ex- 
tended coast-line is everywhere indented by inlets, with 
islands in the distance or near by. These conditions produce 
an endless variety of atmospheric changes. Here one finds 
dawn and twilight, hazy vistas and storm-scenes, of matchless 
beauty and impressiveness. Endowed with such a genius, 
and placed amid such surroundings, the Greeks naturally de- 
veloped a highly poetic mythology. 

The earliest literary embodiment of the Greek myths is in 
the poems of Homer and Hesiod. Here they appear in their 
simplest and most naive form. The gods are believed in as 
real existences, of unwearied activity, and having intimate 
relations with the life of man. In the most flourishing period 



THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY -!1 

of Greek history — the century after the Persian wars — the 
myths were still accepted, but began to lose their hold upon 
the educated classes. Men of culture treated them rever- 
ently, but often gave them a rationalistic or allegorical in- 
terpretation. Nevertheless, they were intimately connected 
with the beliefs of the national religion. Being thus an es- 
sential part of the national thought and life, they permeated 
literature, and furnished ideals for the noblest sculpture that 
the world has ever seen. Afterwards they were more and 
more discredited, and sometimes ridiculed. Though certain 
forms and ceremonies of religion tended still to lend to them 
an air of credence, they were treated in literature chiefly as 
stock material for poetry. 

The Greek mythology stands alone among all as the fullest, 
richest, most poetic, and most suggestive. It also reveals 
more clearly the national traits of the people which devel- 
oped it than any other system. From a very early time the 
commercial and political relations of Greeks with orientals 
had tended to introduce foreign mythological conceptions, 
some of which, in a modified form, at last gained accept- 
ance. Yet, as a whole, the Greek mythology is of indigenous 
growth, — a monument of the inherent constructive and ar- 
tistic power of the Greek race. Its influence in literature 
has been greater than that of any other body of myths. 
First, it dominated the thought of the Greeks, and found 
expression also in their immortal art. Then it became the 
heritage of Rome. Finally, inwrought in the literatures of 
all European and western nations, it remains a treasured and 
imperishable possession of mankind. 

The early Roman presented in all respects a contrast with 
the Greek. Unimaginative, practical, narrow, and conservative, 



22 INTRODUCTION 

he viewed the beauties of nature with no kindling enthusiasm, 
and contemplated her mysteries with comparative indifference. 
His surroundings were less calculated to inspire poetic emotion 
than were those of the Greek. The landscapes were less 
rugged and impressive, the coast-line monotonous. In ac- 
cordance with his practical tendencies, he gave more thought 
to devising and practising methods of propitiating his gods 
than to imagining what their relations were with one another 
or with himself. In a word, the Roman's notions of the 
divine took the direction of worship rather than of myth- 
making. The same is true of the other ancient Italian 
peoples of the same stock as the Romans. 

The native Roman mythology, therefore, is scanty. Com- 
pared with the Greek, it is matter-of-fact and barren. Its 
place was taken in the people's thought by minute ritualistic 
regulations, with numberless prayers and incantations adapted 
to all occasions. Every part of the body, every act and in- 
cident of daily life, was supposed to be under the supervision 
of a special divinity; but the very multiplicity and limited 
province of the deities retarded the development of myths. 
For the same reasons, also, the Romans produced no great 
folk-epic, like the Iliad or the Niebelungen Lied. 

In Mythology, as in literature and the arts, the Romans 
borrowed freely from other nations. At an early time they 
were no doubt much influenced by contact with the neigh- 
boring Etruscans. In the Republican period their relations 
with the Greeks became close, first through the Greek colonies 
in Magna Graecia, then through commercial and political 
connections with the cities of Asia Minor and Greece. The 
worship of many Greek divinities was introduced. With these 
came the whole body of Greek mythology. In many in- 
stances a Greek god was identified with a Roman and the 



THE GREEK AND THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 28 

myths of the one ascribed to the other. As educated Romans 
became saturated with the Greek culture, the Greek myths 
came to be as familiar to them as their own, and consequently 
occupy as prominent a place in the Roman literature as in 
the Greek. 

The old gods remained too firmly entrenched in the affec- 
tions of the common folk to be replaced by foreign deities ; 
but only occasionally did Roman authors attempt to treat 
the native myths, as Varro did in prose, and Ovid in his 
'Calendar/ to some extent also in the last two books of 
the Metamorphoses. In later times, especially after the 
commencement of the Christian era, the Romans turned to 
the worship of Egyptian and other strange divinities. 

The early Roman no doubt believed devoutly in his gods 
and what was said of them. But with the Greek mythol- 
ogy came also the seeds of unbelief. The forms of the 
state religion at Rome were kept up, as a matter of policy, 
for several centuries* after the majority of those belonging 
to the higher classes of society, had ceased to believe in 
their efficacy. The Roman writers, like those of the later 
Greek literature, found their chief interest in the myths as 
material for poetic treatment. 



24 INTRODUCTION 



iii. Outline of the Greek Mythology. 

The Greek mythology may most conveniently be treated 
in four divisions : myths of the origin and government of 
the world, myths of the origin and early life of man, myths 
of deities, and myths of heroes. 

I. Myths of the Origin and Government of the World. 

The Iliad vaguely mentions the all- encompassing border- 
stream of the world, Okeanos, as the origin of things, 
without suggesting by what process they were produced 
from it. 

The myth of the origin of the world which gained wid- 
est acceptance among the Greeks was that elaborated by 
Hesiod in his Theogony. According to this, in the begin- 
ning was Chaos, Yawning Abyss. Then Gaia, wide-bosomed 
Earth, Eros, Love, Erehos, Darkness, and Nyx, Night, 
came into being. From Erebos and Nyx sprang Aither, 
clear upper Sky, and liemera, Day. Gaia produced Ouranos 
(Latin Uranus), starry Heaven, Ourea, great Mountains, 
home of the nymphs, and Pontes, the unfruitful Sea. 

Uranos became the spouse of Gaia. From them were 
begotten the twelve Titans, which apparently are to be con- 
sidered personifications of the elementary forces of Nature. 
Several of the Titans are mentioned in pairs, male and 
female, as Okeanos (Latin Oceanus) and Tethys, Hyperion 
and Theia, Kronos and Rhea. Of the same origin were 
the three Cyclops, or Round- eyes, BronFes, Thunder, Steropes, 
Lightning, and Arges, Thunderbolt; and also the three 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 25 

Hundred-handed, Hekatoncheires t which were at first per- 
haps a personification of the violent waves of the sea. 

The Titans and Hekatoncheires bade fair to become too 
mighty for their father Uranos, so he hurled them back 
again into the earth. Gaia, resenting this treatment, incited 
the Titans to vengeance. She fashioned a strong sharp 
sickle, and showed Kronos how to do his father an irrepa- 
rable hurt. Kronos, lying in wait, inflicted the irremediable 
wound as directed. The drops of blood, falling upon the 
earth from the wounded Uranos as he ascended, produced 
the Erinyes, Furies, and the Gigantes, Giants, a race of 
monsters with legs of serpents. Other parts from the 
wound fell into the sea and floated there, till from the 
sea- foam Aphrodite, goddess of Love, was born. 

Kronos and Rhea now succeeded to the position of 
Uranos and Gaia as deities of heaven and earth. Of 
them were born Hestia, Derriefer, and Hera, Aides? or 
Plufon, Poseidon, and Zeus. Kronos, having been warned 
by his parents that he would sometime be overpowered 
by a son, swallowed his first five children so soon as they 
were born. The sixth child, Zeus, was conveyed by the 
mother to Crete. In place of it she gave Kronos a stone, 
carefully wrapped up, which he gulped down without noticing 
the deception. Zeus soon reached maturity, and with his 
mother's help forced Kronos to disgorge the other children. 
They came forth uninjured, together with the stone. A 
stone said to have been that swallowed by Kronos was pre- 
served at Delphi as a most sacred relic. It appears to have 
been a meteorite. 

Then ensued a terrible struggle. The powers of sky 
and earth gathered in two opposing forces, led by Kronos 
and Zeus. The scene of the conflict was Thessaly* The 



26 INTRODUCTION 

Titans with Kronos occupied Mt. Othrys, Zeus and the 
other sons of Kronos entrenched themselves on Mt. Olym- 
pus. The contest at first was even-matched. In the last 
resort Zeus brought forward as allies the Cyclops, who fur- 
nished him thunderbolts, and the Hekatoncheires, who shook 
the earth. Sky and earth blazed, the earth rocked and was 
rent asunder, all things seemed about to return to ancient 
chaos. Finally the sons of Kronos gained the victory. The 
Titans were hurled down under the earth and there guarded 
by the Hekatoncheires. 

The three sons of Kronos now divided up the government 
of the universe by lot. As Kronos and Rhea had suc- 
ceeded Uranos and Gaia, so they themselves gave place 
to Zeus and Hera, Zeus henceforth being lord of heaven 
and earth. Poseidon became ruler of the sea and all 
waters; Aides, of the Underworld, the realm of darkness, 
abode of the dead and storehouse of treasures. 

The sovereignty of Zeus was by no means undisputed. 
Typhoeus, or Tyfihos, a hundred-headed monster, one of the 
latest of Gaia's offspring, aspired to the mastery of all things, 
and was overcome by Zeus only with the help of the thun- 
derbolt. Then the Giants attempted to scale the heights of 
heaven, and after a prolonged struggle were defeated in the 
same way. The war of the Giants has often been confused 
with that of the Titans. 

Uranos, Kronos, and Zeus all appear to have been origi- 
nally personifications of the sky; Uranos, as a fructifying 
power, sending moisture and life to the earth ; Kronos, as 
a maturing and ripening influence, hence extensively wor- 
shipped in Greece as a harvest god ; and Zeus, the clear 
shining vault of heaven as the source of light and health, 
the symbol of order and fixed law 3 the organizing and 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 27 

directing power of the world, in the wars of the Titans 
and oi the Giants, Titanomachia and Gi^antomachia, there 
may be a reminiscence oi the volcanic activities and terrible 
convulsions of Nature of which the traces are so abundant 
in Greece and the Greek islands. 

Each of the rulers of the universe has under him a host of 
lesser deities, by whom his decrees are carried out. But in 
the government of the world an important part is played by 
Fate, or the Fates, Moirai, usually reckoned as three in 
number, Klotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. At first they were 
conceived of as carrying out the will of Zeus. But later 
they were regarded as a personification of the inflexible, 
invariable law of necessity. To this law, inherent in the 
very nature of things, and inexorable, gods and men alike 
are subject. Even the will of Zeus may not change or 
render ineffectual its decrees. 

2. Myths of the Origin and Early Life of Man. 

There was little agreement among the Greeks in regard 
to the details of their myths setting forth the beginning 
and first gods of the world. A like diversity characterizes 
their notions about the origin and early life of man. In 
general it was thought that the first men sprang from the 
earth or from natural objects, as woods, streams, stones, and 
the like. Hence the name autochtho?ies (sprung from the 
land itself), used of people supposed to have come into 
being in the land which they occupied. 

The human race was thought to be as old as that of 
the gods, extending at least as far back as the time of 
Kronos. Under his rule was the Golde?i Age, a happy time 
in which men were large in frame, pure in life, and fed 
without effort of their own on the generous bounty of 



28 INTRODUCTION 

earth. They lived long, in blessedness like that of the 
gods, who often came to earth and associated with them. 
After death they became beneficent spirits, dwelling unseen 
among men. 

After the overthrow of Kronos came the Silver Age, 
inferior to the Golden. Men were now slower in physi- 
cal development, yet of larger and finer form than we. 
Becoming haughty and self-willed, they even refused to 
give due honor to the gods, who more and more with- 
drew from relations with them. Zeus took them from the 
earth and made them ghosts of the Underworld. 

Then followed the Bronze Age, full of strife and violence. 
Men fell at one another's hands, or wore themselves 
out in constant warfare, and perished soul and body. 

Last came the Iron Age. Enfeebled man must now 
earn his bread by the sweat of his brow. While men were 
struggling in this hard condition, Prometheus, Forethought, 
son of the Titan Iapetos, brought them fire from heaven 
and taught them its uses, thus leading them to a knowl- 
edge of the arts. For this Zeus condemned him to 
unending torture. He was chained upon a bleak cliff. 
Here an eagle each day ate out his liver, which grew 
again at night. 

But men were not content with honest toil, and tried 
in every way to get the advantage of one another. They 
became so desperately wicked that Zeus sent a great 
flood upon the earth. All perished save two, Deucalion 
and Pyrrha. These, directed by the gods, cast stones be- 
hind them, which became men and women, progenitors of 
the present race. But wickedness still remains. The gods 
have long since ceased to visit the earth as they did of old, 
and are often obliged to send punishment for sin. 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 29 

3. Myths of Deities. 
The divinities of the Greeks were so numerous, and the 
myths connected with them were so many and of so great 
variety, that only brief mention of them separately can here 
be made. They may be considered in four groups : divinities 
of Heaven, divinities of the Sea and Waters, divinities of the 
Earth, and divinities of the Underworld. The divinities of 
Heaven were thought to have much to do also with the earth 
and the life of men. Several of the divinities of the earth 
were intimately connected with those of the Underworld. 

a. Divinities of Heaven. 
The divinities of Heaven were divided into two classes : 
the Great Gods, and the Lesser Gods. They dwelt above Mt. 
Olympus, whence they came to earth whenever invoked, being 
ubiquitous rather than omnipresent. 

The Great Gods were ten in number : * 
Zeus, greatest of gods, often called father of gods and men. 
He was regarded as gatherer of clouds and sender of 
rain, the bestower of physical prowess and valor, the 
protector of the relations based on kinship, friendship, 
or treaties. He was the hurler of the thunderbolt against 
the guilty, the refuge also of the penitent. He was re- 
presented as often visiting the earth in various disguises, 
and especially susceptible to the charms of beautiful 
women. Hence arose a great number of myths. As 
the Greeks were monogamists, the loves of Zeus are 
difficult to account for unless they are interpreted as 
different personifications of the same natural phenom- 

1 With these sometimes Poseidon (see p. 33) and Demeter (see p. 34) 
are reckoned, making twelve " Great Gods " in all. 



30 INTRODUCTION 

ena, or as originally different forms of the same myth 
belonging to different localities. 

Hera, wife of Zeus, queen of Heaven, and goddess of storms ; 
considered also the helper of women in all wifely rela- 
tions. She was represented as haughty, jealous, resent- 
ful, and often engaged in angry quarrels with Zeus. 

Hefihaistos, son of Zeus and Hera, god of fire, maker of 
weapons, and deviser of other works in metal for the 
gods. He was represented as mighty in strength, but 
lame. According to one account he once took sides 
with Hera in a quarrel, whereupon Zeus caught him by 
the foot and hurled him forth from Olympus. Then, in 
the words of Milton, — 

" From morn 
To noon he fell, from noon till dewy eve, 
A summer's day ; and with the setting sun 
Dropped from the zenith, like a falling star, 
On Lemnos, the yEgean isle." 

Athene, said to have sprung full-armed from the head of 
Zeus. She was regarded as protector of states, hence 
as goddess both of systematic war and of the arts of 
peace. She was also goddess of wisdom. As a virgin 
deity, she was considered the special protectress of girls. 

ApoZlon, son of Zeus and Leto (Latin Lato?ia), brother of 
Artemis; a favorite divinity of the Greeks. He was 
worshipped as protector from evils, especially as guar- 
dian of herds and flocks ; as promoter of athletic de- 
velopment and manly beauty ; as inspirer of music and 
giver of oracles. He is usually considered a personifi- 
cation of light. 

Artemis, daughter of Zeus and Leto, and goddess of the 
hunt, in her devotion to which she was said to scour 
woods and mountains, accompanied by fleet hounds and 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 31 

throngs of nymphs of forest and stream j originally, no 
doubt, a moon-goddess. The Ephcsian Artemis (cf. 
ACTS, chap, XIX.), was a deity of oriental origin, later 
identified with the Greek divinity. 

Ares, son of Zeus and Hera, god of war and bitter hatred. 

Aphrodite, goddess of love, sprung from the foam of the sea. 
Her power was thought to make itself felt in sky, 
sea, and earth. She was also goddess of spring, of 
gardens and flowers, the bestower of female beauty and 
grace, the guardian of marriage and family life. 

Hermes, son of Zeus and Maia, messenger of the gods and 
conductor of souls in the Underworld. On earth he was 
considered as the guardian of roads and guide of travel- 
lers, the protector of herds, and patron-deity of thieves. 

Hestia, daughter of Kronos and Rhea, goddess of the hearth* 
As the hearth- fire was intimately connected with the 
interests of the family, she was looked to as the dis- 
penser of domestic blessings. She was also worshipped 
at the public hearths as guardian of cities. 

Among the Lesser Gods the most important were — 

Helios, god of the sun, father of Phaethon. 

Eos, goddess of the dawn. 

Selene, goddess of the moon, also called Mene. 

Phosphoros, Morning- star, Hesperos (Latin Hesperus}, 
Evening- star. 

Orion, a mighty hunter, loved by Eos, but slain by Artemis, 

and after his death placed among the stars. 
Winds, often personified under many different names. In 
the later mythology they are represented as under the 
rule of a King Aiolos (Latin Aeolus), whose home was 
on one of the Aeolian Islands north of Sicily. 



32 INTRODUCTION 

Themis, daughter of Uranos and Gaia, goddess of order, law, 
and right, and mother of the Horai, Seasons. 

ChariteSj Graces, usually considered three in number, god- 
desses of charm and bloom, both in nature and in 
man. 

Mnemosyne, Memory, mother of the nine Mousai, Muses, 
goddesses of music, poetry, and the sciences. The muses 
were: i. Kalliope (Latin Calliope), of heroic poetry. 
2. Kfi, o (Latin Clio), of history. 3. Euterpe, of lyric 
poetry. 4. Terpsichore, of the dance. 5. Erato, of 
love-poetry. 6. Melpomene, of elegiac and tragic poe- 
try. 7. Thalia, of comedy. 8. Polymnia, or Poly- 
hymnia, of sacred music and poetry. 9. Urania, of 
astronomy. 

Nike, goddess of victory. 

Iris, goddess of the rainbow, represented as a messenger of 
the gods, particularly Zeus and Hera. 

Hebe, daughter of Zeus and Hera ; a personification of girl- 
ish beauty. 

Ganymedes, a beautiful boy, a personification of boyish 
beauty. Zeus sent an eagle to bring him up to heaven, 
and made him cup-bearer. 

Eros, small but mighty god of love, companion of Aphro- 
dite (cf. p. 24). 

Aisklepios (Latin Aesculapius), god of healing and of 
medicine. 

Tyche, daughter of Zeus, goddess of chance, or luck. 

Nemesis, an avenging or punishing goddess, who never fails 
to overtake the wrong-doer. 

Eris, a personification of strife. 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 33 

b. Divinities of the Sea and Waters. 

The principal divinities of this class are : 
Poseidon, ruler of the sea and the whole realm of waters. 

His ensign of authority is the trident. He rides over 

the deep in a chariot, now raising, now calming the 

waves, and sometimes in his might makes the earth 

tremble. 
Amph'itrite, wife of Poseidon, goddess of the sea. 
Triton, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, represented as 

giving signals for storms or calm upon a hollow shell. 
Nereus, a little "old man of the sea," friendly and kind, 

dwelling in the shimmering depths with his fifty bright 

and beautiful daughters, the Nereids. 
Proteus, a sea-god, fond of changing into all kinds of forms. 
Glaukos (Latin Glaucus), a sea- god, half man, half fish. 

Sailors often reported having seen him. His appearing 

was thought generally to portend ill-luck. 
Seirenes (Latin Sirenes), Sirens, beautiful singers of the 

sea, whose song, of resistless charm, enticed sailors to 

destruction. 
Skylla (Latin Scylla), a horrible monster lying at the foot 

of a cliff on the Italian shore opposite Charybdis. She 

was represented as having six heads, which she stretched 

forth from her cave to catch whatever came in her way. 
All Rivers, Springs, and Brooks were supposed to have 

their special divinities, children of Okeanos and Tet/iys. 

According to Hesiod there were three hundred sons of 

Okeanos, i. e. river-gods, and three hundred daughters, 

nymphs of springs and brooks. Another poet mentions 

three thousand river-gods alone. 
Atlas, bearer of heaven and earth on his head and hands, 



34 INTRODUCTION 

seems originally to have belonged to the number of sea- 
gods, but was later identified with a mountain. 

c. Divinities of the Earth. 

Gaia (cf. p. 24), goddess of the earth, as the benign and 
fruitful mother of all things. 

Rhea (cf. p. 25), also called Kybele (Latin Cybele), a 
goddess of the earth, and especially of mountains, where 
she was worshipped with mystic rites. 

Demefer (cf. p. 25), goddess of agriculture, especially of 
grain; mother of Persephone. 

Dionysos (Latin Dionysus), also called Bacchos (Latin 
Bacchus), son of Zeus and Semele, god of the vine and 
wine. He was said to have travelled throughout the 
world, accompanied by hosts of satyrs and worshippers, 
teaching the cultivation of the grape. He is the sub- 
ject of many myths. 

Nymphai (Latin Nymphce), the Nymphs, a numberless 
class of inferior divinities, represented as beautiful 
maidens, dwelling in groves and glens, on mountains, in 
grottos, in springs and streams. 

Satyroi (Latin Satyri), Satyrs, rough, sportive deities with 
animal characteristics, inhabiting woods and mountains, 
devoted to wine, music, and the chase. 

Seilenus (Latin Silenus), father of the satyrs and foster- 
father of Dionysos ; represented as a fat, jovial old man, 
with a bald head ; usually in the company of Dionysos, 
and reeling with intoxication. 

Pan, son of Hermes and a wood-nymph ; a sportive, goat- 
footed being, with horns and a long beard ; looked 
upon as the guardian of pastures, flocks, and shepherds, 
and the inventor of the shepherd's pipe. 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 35 



d. Divinities of the Underworld. 

The Underworld was conceived of as a vast, gloomy region 
beneath the earth, the abode of the dead. The entrance was 
guarded by Kerberos (Latin Ce rberu s) , a horrible monster with 
three dog-like heads. Beyond the entrance on every side 
flowed black water, across which Charon, stern and repulsive 
boatman, ferried the spirits of the dead. The good fared well 
in a place set apart for them. But the wicked suffered various 
forms of punishment, according to the nature and extent of 
their sins on earth. Tantalos, for example, a king who had 
violated the confidence of Zeus, was placed in a lake \ though 
always thirsty, always hungry, yet he was never able to touch 
either the water, which receded as he tried to drink, or the 
boughs laden with delicious fruit that hung just beyond his 
reach. Slsyphos, a wicked king of Corinth, was compelled 
to keep rolling up hill a huge stone, that rolled down again 
as soon as he had brought it to the top. Ixion was bound 
to an ever-revolving wheel; and the daughters of Da?iaos 
(Latin Danaus) were forced to keep filling jars with holes 
in the bottom. See p. 250. 

The divinities of the Underworld were : 

Pluto n, also called Aidoneus and Aides (English Pluto), 
ruler of the Underworld. As the Underworld was 
thought of as the storehouse of seeds and source of 
wealth, Pluto was also considered a giver of wealth. He 
is sometimes confused with Ploutos (Latin Plutus), a 
personification of wealth. 

Persephone (Latin Proserpina), daughter of Zeus and 
Demeter, and wife of Pluto. Zeus had promised her 
to Pluto without the mother's knowledge. As Perse- 



36 INTRODUCTION 

phone, a beautiful maiden, was one day gathering 
flowers, the earth opened beside her; Pluto appeared 
and carried her down to the Underworld to be his 
queen. Demeter, sorrowing, searched the world over 
for the girl, whose fate she finally learned from Hekate 
and Helios. As a compromise the daughter was 
allowed to spend six months of the year on the earth, 
the remaining six months in the Underworld with her 
husband. See p. 264. 

Hekate (Latin Hecate) , a mysterious divinity, apparently 
at first an earth-goddess, afterwards an attendant of 
Persephone in the Lower World. At night she was 
supposed to send forth demons who would meet at the 
crossings of roads and at tombs. 

Erinyes, Furies, horrible beings with serpents twining in 
their hair, who pursued and punished the wicked. 

Aiakos (Latin Aeacus), a son of Zeus and early king of 
the Island Aegina, who on account of his justice on 
earth was made a judge in the Underworld after his 
death. 

Minds, a son of Zeus and Eurdpa, and early lawgiver of 
Crete, who after death became a judge in the Lower 
World. 

Rhadamanthos (Latin Rhadamanthus) , a brother of Minos, 
who also became a judge of the dead. 

Thanatos, Death, and Hypnos, Sleep, were both personified. 
They were considered as brothers, living in the Under- 
world. 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 37 



4. Myths of Heroes. 

The Greek heroes were a class of beings of mingled human 
and divine parentage, endowed with godlike powers, courage, 
and endurance. Their lives, under divine direction and 
help, were devoted to the accomplishment of great tasks, 
mostly of a character calculated to benefit humanity, such 
as the slaying of destructive monsters and the* founding of 
cities. All the prominent cities of Greece had their particular 
heroes, who were worshipped as patron deities, as Theseus 
at Athens. The myths of heroic adventure are very 
numerous. 

The heroes oftenest mentioned are : 

Kad?nos (Latin Cadmus), son of Agenor, King of Phoeni- 
cia ; founder of Thebes. 

AmphTon and Zethos, sons of Antiope, queen of Thebes, 
who rescued her from cruel treatment and bound her 
tormentor, Dirke (Latin Di?re), to the back of a bull 
to be carried off into the wilderness. Amphion became 
the husband of the Lydian princess Niobe, whose pre- 
sumptuous pride led to the wretched death of her 
children and herself. 

Inachos (Latin Inachus), founder of Argos. 

Perseus, son of Zeus and Danae, who was a daughter of 
Akrisius, King of Argos. He is prominent in several 
myths, among which are the bringing of the head of 
the Gorgon Medusa (cf. p. 251), and the release of 
Andromeda (cf. p. 254). 

Bellerophon, son of Glaukos (see p. 33) • Mounted on 
Fegasos, a wonderful winged steed, he despatched the 
Chimaera, a fire-breathing monster, part lion, part goat, 



38 INTRODUCTION 

and part serpent. He also defeated the Amazones, 
Amazons, a race of warlike women in the northeastern 
part of Asia Minor. 

Kastor and Polydeitkes (Latin Castor and Pollux, the 
Dioscuri), twin sons of Tyndareus, a king of Laconia. 
Kastor was famous for his horsemanship, Polydeukes 
for his skill in boxing. 

Kekrops (Latin Cecrops), founder of Athens, said to have 
introduced there the first elements of civilized life. 

Pelops, brother of Niobe, afterwards King of Elis ; famous 
for having won his wife Hippodaniia and his kingdom 
in a chariot-race, on which he had staked his life. 

Meleagros (Latin Meleager), a son of Oineus (Latin 
Oeneus), who led a hunt and slew the Kalydonian boar, 
a monster invulnerable to ordinary wounds, that had 
long laid waste the country about Kalydon, in Aetolia. 

lason, a prince of Thessaly who led the expedition of the 
Argonauts, in which the chief heroes of the time joined 
him. They sailed in the ship Argo to Kolchis (Latin 
Colchis), at the southeastern part of the Black Sea. 
Here, with the help of the princess Medea, a powerful 
enchantress, lason obtained the Golden Fleece, the 
object of the voyage. The heroes after many adven- 
tures reached home again, Medea becoming the wife 
of lason, who afterwards deserted her. 

Theseus, the son of Aegeus, King of Attica. His heroic 
exploits resemble those of Herakles. The principal 
ones were, the killing of Periplietes, Sim's, and Sklron, 
all terrible robbers and murderers, with whom ordinary 
men could not cope ; the slaying of the cruel Pro- 
crustes, who had been in the habit of killing victims 
by cutting them off or stretching them out to fit an 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 39 

iron bedstead ; the victory over fifty giants, sons of 
Pallas y who had tried to compass his destruction in 
order to gain the throne of Attica ; and finally the 
slaying of the Minotaur (Jf'wdlauros, Latin Mind- 
taunts), a flesh-eating monster of Crete, to which for 
a long time Athens had been obliged to send each 
year a tribute of young men and maidens for food. 
The Minotaur lived in the Labyrinth, constructed by 
Daidalos (Latin Daedalus), a cunning artificer. The- 
seus, having slain the monster, found his way out of 
this with the help of a thread furnished by A7'iadne, 
daughter of Minos. With her he sailed for Attica, 
but abandoned her on the island of Naxos, where she 
was found and wedded by Dionysos. 
Herakles (Latin He?ntles), the great national hero of the 
Greeks, son of Zeus and Alkmene (Latin Alcmene). 
Among his many wonderful exploits the Twelve Tasks, 
imposed by King Eiwystheus of Myklnai (Latin My- 
cenae) , are the most noteworthy. They are — 

i. The slaying of the Nemean lion, which ravaged 
the plain of Nemea, in the northern part of Argolis. 

2. The killing of the Lemean Hydra, a nine-headed 
poisonous water-serpent, in the marsh near Lerne, in 
Argolis. 

3. The destruction of the Erymanthian Boar, in 
Arcadia. 

4. The slaying of the Keryneia?i Stag, a marvellous 
animal with hoofs of brass, in Achaia. 

5. The driving away of the Sty?nphalia?i Birds, the 
pest of Stymphalus, in Arcadia. 

6. The cleansing of the Stables of Augeias, King of 
Elis, by turning through them the waters of a river. 



40 INTRODUCTION 

7. The bringing of the Cretan Bull, Poseidon's gift 
to Minos, to Mykenai. 

8. The fetching of the flesh- eating Horses of Dio- 
niedes, King of Thrace, to Mykenai. 

9. The obtaining of the Girdle of Hippo lyte y queen 
of the Amazons, for Eurystheus's daughter. 

10. The securing of the Cattle of Geryon, & three- 
headed monster in the far West. 

11. The fetching of the three Golden Apples from 
the Garden of the Hesperides, where they were guarded 
by a dragon. 

12. The dragging of Kerberos (see p. 35) to the 
upper world. 

Herakles perished in a poisoned robe, given him by 
his jealous wife, Deianlra. When he saw that death 
was near at hand, he mounted his own funeral pyre, 
whence his spirit passed away in a cloud. 

The age in which the heroes lived is known as the Heroic 
Age. The Greeks thought that it immediately preceded their 
own time, and considered a good part of the myths connected 
with it as true history. To this period belong also the Cen- 
taurs, mythical beings, half man, half horse, celebrated for 
their conflicts with the Lapithae, a Thessalian people, and 
Herakles. 

To the Heroic Age are ascribed two great military expedi- 
tions. The one is the War against Thebes, or the expe- 
dition of the Seven against Thebes, in which Polyneikes (Latin 
Polynices), aided by six other heroes and their forces, tried 
to wrest the throne of Thebes from his brother Eteokles (Latin 
Eteocles) . 

The other is the Trojan War, the object of which was 



THE GREEK MYTHOLOGY 41 

the bringing back of Jlclcn, who had been induced by the 
Trojan Paris, King Priam's son, to leave her husband, Men- 
elaos, King of Sparta. The chief heroes of the Trojan war 
were, on the side of the Greeks, Agamemnon, Menelaos 
(Latin Men elans), Achilleus (Latin Achilles}, Nestor, Odysseui 
(Latin Ulixes), and Aias ; on the side of the Trojans, Priam, 
Hektor (Latin Hector), Paris, Aeneas, and Anterior. The 
setting out, the conflict, and the return of the heroes, are 
fraught with romantic incidents. 



42 INTRODUCTION 

iv. Outline of the Roman Mythology. 

The development of the Roman mythology, as of the 
Roman religion, was marked by three distinct stages, or 
periods. 

In the first, the prehistoric period, beliefs and worship were 
of the simplest character. There were as yet no temples. 
On mountain tops, by springs, lakes, and running streams, or 
in the presence of fire, men worshipped the divine powers 
that were supposed thus to manifest themselves. The gods, 
too, were not represented by images, but by symbols, by 
plants and animals considered sacred to them. Thus the 
eagle and the oak were sacred to Jupiter, the wolf and the 
woodpecker to Mars. In this period human sacrifices were 
at times offered up. 

The second period, known as that of Numa, covering the 
earlier and middle part of the Roman kingdom, was charac- 
terized by the establishment of priesthoods and minute, 
often laborious regulations of worship, many of which were 
no doubt derived from Etruria. From this time the Roman 
religion was dominated by priestcraft. 

The third period, including the latter part of the Roman 
kingdom and the Roman republic, was marked by the in- 
troduction of foreign divinities, beliefs, and ceremonies, chiefly 
from the Greeks. During this period most of the Roman 
temples were built. 

Many elements of the Greek Mythology* were introduced 
into Rome so early and became so much a part of the na- 
tional thought that they may best be treated along with those 
that were indigenous. The few native ideas in regard to the 
beginning of the world and the origin and early life of man 
were so completely replaced by the Greek myths that they 



THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 48 

may here be passed over. Our outline of the Roman My- 
thology will therefore comprise only two divisions : myths of 

Deities, and myths oi Demi-gods or Heroes. 

i. Myths of Deities. 
a. Divinities of Heaven. 

The Greater Gods 1 were : — 

Ianus, opener of the portals of heaven, god of all begin- 
nings ; guardian of entrances, doors, and passage-ways : 
represented with two faces looking in opposite di- 
rections. 

Iuppiter (English Jupiter) > ' greatest and best ' of all gods, 
ruler of heaven and earth. His position and relations 
correspond with those of the Greek Zeus, with whom in 
later times he was fully identified. 

Iuno, wife of Juppiter and queen of heaven, in later times 
identified with the Greek Hera. 

Minerva, goddess of wisdom and statecraft ; a native 
divinity soon identified with the Greek Athene. 

Apollo, a purely Greek divinity, whose worship was trans- 
planted to Rome at an early date and became very 
popular. See Apollo n, p. 30. 

Diana, an ancient Italian 2 moon-goddess, afterwards 
identified with the Greek Artemis and thought of as 
Apollo's sister. 

Mars, an ancient Italian god of husbandry and cattle- 
raising, of manly vigor and victorious strife, revered by 

1 The Romans in later times also recognized a group of " Twelve 
Great Gods." viz. : Iuppiter, Iuno, Minerva, Apollo, Diana, Mars, 
Venus, A T eptunus T Ceres, Mcrcurms, Vulcan us, Vesta. 

- That is, worshipped by other early Italian peoples as well as by the 
Romans. 



44 INTRODUCTION 

the Romans as next in power to Juppiter. In later 
times Mars was identified with the Greek Ares. 

Venus, an Italian goddess of flowers, gardens, vineyards, 
and the quickening life of spring; later identified 
with the Greek Aphrodite, as goddess of love and 
womanly charm. 

Vulcanus (English Vulcan), an Italian god of fire, con- 
sidered sometimes as a helpful and protecting, some- 
times as a destroying deity. He is often confused 
with the Greek Hephaistos. 

Vesta, goddess of the hearth and protectress of the 
home-life ; also guardian of the life of the City as 
the home of the Romans. With her worship was 
closely connected that of the Penafes, guardian spirits 
watching over the sustenance of the household. 
Vesta corresponds closely with the Greek Hestia. 

Of the Lesser Gods the most important were : 

Sol, the Sun, corresponding with the Greek Helios. 

Luna, the Moon, corresponding with the Greek Selene. 

Mater Matuta, goddess of the Dawn. 

Quirinus, a god of war and guardian of the Romans; 
apparently at first a Sabine divinity corresponding with 
the Roman Mars, but afterwards identified with the 
deified Romulus, mythical founder of Rome. 

Mercurius, in early times purely a divinity of commerce 
and money-making. Later he was identified with the 
Greek Hermes, and the myths of Hermes were at- 
tributed to him. 

Aesculapius, the Greek Aisklepios (cf. p. 32), whose 
worship was introduced into Rome from Epidauros 
in Argolis, after a pestilence, in the year 291 b. c, 



THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 45 

and gained so strong a hold upon the people that 
it was among the last to die out after the promul- 
gation of Christianity. 

Iuvcntus, a personification of youth ; a divinity supposed 
to watch over young manhood. 

Terminus, god of boundaries, public and private. 

Fides, a personification of good-faith; worshipped es- 
pecially, in connection with Juppiter, as god of 
contracts. 

Main, also called Bona Dea, wife of Vulcan, a ben- 
eficent goddess of the field, to whose quickening 
influence the starting of vegetation in the spring 
was ascribed. From her the month of May takes 
its name. In later times she was sometimes con- 
fused with the Greek Maia, Atlas's daughter, mother 
of Hermes. 

Winds and Storms were personified, as by the Greeks, 
with many different names and attributes. 



b. Divinities of the Sea and Waters. 

Owing to the lack of familiarity of the early Romans 
with the sea, their nautical myths were even more scanty 
than those of the other elements of Nature. The principal 
divinity of the sea was — 

Neptunus, lord of all waters, later identified with the 

Greek Poseidon. 
Springs, Rivers, and Brooks, as among the Greeks, were 
thought to be under the care of special Nymphs 
and Stream -gods. 



46 INTRODUCTION 



c. Divinities of the Earth and Practical Life. 

The chief divinities of the Earth and its products were : 
Tellus, the Earth, personified as mother of all things, 

in contrast with the fructifying Heaven; hence in 

prayers and oaths Iuppiter and Tellus Mater are often 

mentioned together. 
Saturnus, Saturn, one of the most ancient Italian 

deities, god of seeds and sowing, the introducer 

of agriculture ; often identified or confused with the 

Greek Kronos. 
Ops, wife of Saturnus, goddess of sowing and harvest. 
Ceres, an ancient Italian goddess, later fully identified 

with the Greek Le?neter. 
Liber, an early Italian deity of planting and fructification, 

in later times identified with the Greek Dionysos or 

Bacchos. 
Libera, an ancient Italian divinity, later completely 

merged with the Greek Persephone, and also called 

Proserpina. 
Faunus, an early Italian god of mountains, pasture- 
lands, and meadows ; a kindly deity, blessing with 

increase fields, flocks, and the work of men. 
Silvanus, a divinity presiding over forests, fields, and 

the labors of husbandmen. 
Pales, tutelary deity of flocks and sheperds. 
Feronia, an early Italian goddess of groves and of flowing 

fountains ; also the guardian of freedmen. 
Flora, goddess of bloom and flowers. 
Priapus, a divinity of Greek origin, god of gardens 

and promoter of fertility. 



THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 47 

VertumnuS) god of fruits, guardian of vegetable products 

from blossoming to maturity. 
Pomona, wife of Vertumnus, goddess of fruit-trees and 

gardens. 
Magna Mater, the Greek Rhea Kybele, whose wor- 
ship was introduced from Pessinus in Asia Minor, 

b. c. 204. Cf. p. 34. 
By the divinities of practical life are meant a great num- 
ber of personified abstractions, of which the following are 
examples : — 

Fortuna, goddess of Fortune. 

Sa/us, good-health ; Febris, Fever. 

Victoria, Victory; Bellona (cf. be Hum), a goddess of War; 

Honos, Honor ; Virtus, Valor ; Pax, Peace. 
Libertas, Liberty; Spes, Hope; Felicitas, Good-luck; 

Bonus Eventus, Good Outcome. 
Concordia, Harmony ; Pietas, Dutifulness ; Pudicitia, 

Modesty; Mens, Intellect; Aequitas, Fairness; Prov- 

identia, Forethought. 

d. Divinities of the Underworld and Death. 

The early Roman notions about the Underworld, so far as 
they went, were similar to those of the Greeks. But they were 
not carried out so far in detail as the Greek, and were influ- 
enced in their development by the Roman ancestor-worship. 

The principal divinities of the underworld were : 
Orcus, lord of the Underworld, who like a harvester gath- 
ers the souls of the dead into his treasure-house. In 
later times Orcus was often identified with the Greek 
PI u ton. 



48 INTRODUCTION 

Manes, spirits of those who had recently died, living in the 
Underworld, but permitted at times to return to earth 
and mingle unseen with the living. 

Lares, spirits of ancestors long dead, who were buried with 
proper funeral rites. They were thought of as benefi- 
cent divinities, protecting the descendants of their 
families in all works and ways. The Lares Familiares 
in particular hovered about the hearth, bringing count- 
less blessings to the homes where they were duly 
worshipped. The Lares as guardian spirits of the 
family, and the Penates as spirits ministering to the 
material needs of the household, are often mentioned 
together as representing the home. 

Larvae, spirits of ancestors who did not have the proper 
burial rites. These were supposed to be restless ghosts, 
evil demons, wandering up and down the earth, having 
no peace, bringing blight and curses wherever they 
went. 

In the classical period, and after that time, the Greek myths 
of the Underworld became current and found frequent expres- 
sion in literature, as in the sixth book of Vergil's Aeneid and 
in the works of other poets. 

Introduction of Oriental Divinities. 

Just before the beginning of the Christian era, and also after 
that time, the worship of many divinities was introduced to 
Rome from the East. The most noteworthy were : 

/sis, an Egyptian goddess of the earth. 

Osiris, the Egyptian god of the Nile, husband of Isis. 

Serapis, apparently another name for Osiris as manifesting 
himself in Apis, the Egyptian Sacred Bull. 



THE ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 49 

Jfit/iras, Persian god of the Sun, whose worship was brought 
to Rome in the early Empire and soon became wide- 
spread. 

Elagabalus, a Syrian sun-god, whose worship was intro- 
duced by the Emperor of the same name (also some- 
times called Hcliogabalus) , near the beginning of the 
third century a. d. 

2. Myths of Demi-gods and Heroes. 

The Romans had no native heroes, using the word in the 
Greek sense. But many of the heroes of Greek mythology 
were venerated at Rome, and became connected with national 
myths. Among those most commonly referred to are : 

Hercules, the Greek Herakles, said to have passed through 
Italy, and celebrated in the legends connected with the 
founding of Rome. 
Ulixes (English Ulysses), the Greek Odysseus. 
Castor and Pollux, the Greek Raster and Polydeukes. 
Aeneas, son of Venus and the Trojan Anchises ; he became 

the national hero of the Romans. 
Anterior, also a Trojan hero, connected with legends of 

settlements in Northern Italy. 
To these are sometimes added certain characters in the 
early Roman legends, as — 

Latinus, King of the Latins, the primitive inhabitants of 

Latium, whose daughter Lavinia Aeneas married. 
Turnus, an Italian prince to whom Lavinia had been be- 
trothed before Aeneas came to Italy. 
Romulus, son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, founder of P.ome. 



P. OVIDIUS NASO 

1. CADMUS. 

Cadmus, sororc Enropa ubiquc petita, urban condere parat. 
Draco comites necat. 

Iamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri 
Se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat, 
Cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 
Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit 
Exsilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem. 
Orbe pererrato, (quis enim deprendere possit 
Furta Iovis?) profugus patriamque iramque parentis 
Vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex 
Consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit. 

"Bos tibi," Phoebus ait, "solis occurret in arvis, 
Nullum passa iugum, curvique immunis aratri. 
Hac duce carpe vias et qua requieverit herba, 
Moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato." 

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, 
Incustoditam lente \ddet ire iuvencam 
Nullum servitii signum cer\ice gerentem. 
Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu, 
Auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 

lam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva ; 
Bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 
Ad caelum frontem mugitibus impulit auras. 
Atque ita respiciens comites sua terga sequentes 

51 



52 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Procubuit teneraque latus summisit in herba. 
Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae 
25 Figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 
Sacra Iovi facturus erat. Iubet ire ministros 
Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. 

Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata securi, 
Et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, 
30 Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 
Uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro 
Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro ; 
Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet omne veneno, 
Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes. 

^35 Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 
Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas 
Urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro 
Caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit. 
Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit 
40 Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 
Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus, 
Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras 
^Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto 
45 Si to turn spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 
Nee mora. Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant, 
Sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque, 
Occupat. Hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos, 
Hos necat adflata funesti tabe veneni. 

Cadmus occidit draconem, cuius dentes, humi sparsi, milites 

jiunt. 

so Fecerat exiguas iam sol altissimus umbras ; 
Quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus, 



^^L 


JW^KB5»t^*' j 5^csv>jti'**'» '* 




"wfl 






■ H M 


PH ^wfeS^K 


HP^ Hf'" * 





Ares, or Mars 



CADMUS 

Vestigatque viros. Tegumen derepta leonis 

Pellis erat, teluro splendent] lancea ferro 

Et iaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni. 

Ut nemus intravit letataque corpora vidit, 55 

Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 

Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua, 

" Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, 

Aut comes," inquit, "ero." Dixit, dextraque molarem 

Sustulit et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 

Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 

Moenia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnere mansit, 

Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae 

Duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus. 

At non duritia iaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65 

Quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum 

Constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum. 

Ille dolore ferox caput in sua terga retorsit, 

Vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit, 

Idque ubi vi mult a partem labefecit in omnem, 7o 

Vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. 

Turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras 

Causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, 

Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus, 

Terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75 

Ore niger Stygio vitiatas inficit auras. 

Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 

Cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; 

Impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis 

Fertur. et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. s° 

Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis 
Sustinet incursus, instailtiaque ora retardat *2s 



V 




54 p. OVIDIUS NASO 

Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille et inania duro 

Vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes, 
85 lamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 

Coeperat et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas. 

Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu. 

Laesaque colla dabat retro plagamque sedere 

Cedendo arcebat nee longius ire sinebat, 
90 Donee Agenorides coniectum in gutture ferrum 

Usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti 

Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. 

Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et ima 
Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. 
95 Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 
Vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promptum, 
Unde, sed audita est, "Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
Serpentem spectas? Et tu spectabere serpens." 
Ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem 

100 Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 
Ecce viri fautrix superas delapsa per auras 
Pallas adest, motaeque iubet supponere terrae 
Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
Paret et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, 

105 Spargit humi iussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 

Inde, fide maius, glaebae coepere moveri, 
Primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae, 
Tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono, 
Mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis 
noExsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. 
Sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, 
Surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere viiltus, 
Cetera paulatim ; placidoque educta tenore 



CADMUS 

Tota patent imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 

Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat. n 5 
"Ne cape," de populo, quern terra creaverat, unus 
Exclamat, "nee te civilibus insere bellis." 
Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum 
Comminus ense ferit ; iaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
Hie quoque, qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120 

Vivit, et exspirat modo quas acceperat auras. 

Exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque 

Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 

Iamque brevis vitae spatium sortita iuventus 

Sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125 

Quinque superstitibus ; quorum fuit unus Echion. 

Is sua iecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma, 

Fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque. 

Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes, 

Cum posuit iussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130 

lam stabant Thebae ; poteras iam, Cadme, videri 
Exsilio felix. Soceri tibi Marsque Venusque 
Contigerant ; hue adde genus de coniuge tanta, 
Tot natos natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes, 
Hos quoque iam iuvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper i 35 
Exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus 
Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 



2. PYRAMUS ET THISBE. 

Error levis duos amantes perdit. 

Pyramus et Thisbe, iuvenum pulcherrimus alter, 
Altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
Contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 

5 Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit ; 
Tempore crevit amor. Taedae quoque iure coissent, 
Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, 
Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo. 
Conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur, 

io Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis. 

Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim, 
Cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 
Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum — 
Quid non sentit amor? — primi vidistis, amantes, 
15 Et vocis fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 
Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant. 

Saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, 
Inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris, 
"Invide," dicebant, "paries, quid amantibus obstas? 
20 Quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore iungi, 
Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! 
Nee sumus ingrati ; tibi nos debere fatemur, 
Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures." 

Talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti 
25 Sub noctem dixere "vale," partique dedere 

56 



PYRAMUS ET THISBE 57 

Oscula quisque suae, non pervenientia contra. 
Posters Qocturnos aurora removerat ignes 
Solquc pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas, 

Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn, murmure parvo 
Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti 3 o 

Fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 
Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; 
Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo, 
Conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra 
Arboris. Arbor ibi, niveis uberrima pomis 35 

Ardua morus, erat, gelido contermina fonti. 

Pacta placent. Et lux, tarde discedere visa, 
Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem. 
Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe 
Egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum 40 

Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 
Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti 
Caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus, 
Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 

Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 45 

Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum, 

Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 

Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, 

Dum redit in silvas, inventos fonte sine ipsa 

Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 50 

Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto 

Pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore 

Py ramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 

Repperit, "Una duos," inquit, "nox perdet amantes ! 

E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, 55 



58 p. OVIDIUS NASO 

Nostra nocens anima est. Ego te, miseranda, peremi, 
In loca plena metus qui iussi nocte venires, 
Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
60 O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe leones. 
Sed timidi est optare necem." 

Velamina Thisbe 
Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram. 
Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti, 
''Accipe nunc/' inquit, "nostri quoque sanguinis 
haustus!" 
65 Quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum, 
Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 

Ut iacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte, 
Non aliter quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo 
Scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas 
7 o Eiaculatur aquas atque ictibus aera rumpit. 
Arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 
Vertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix 
Puniceo tingit pendentia mora colore. 

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem, 
75 Ilia redit, iuvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 

Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 

Utque locum et visa cognoscit in arbore formam, 

Sic facit incertam pomi color ; haeret, an haec sit. 

Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum 
80 Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 

Pallidiora gerens exhorruit aequoris instar, 

Quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. 




Hera, or Juno 



PYRAMUS ET THISBE 59 

d postquam remorata suos cognovit amorcs, 
Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, 
Kt laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum 85 

Vulnera supplevit lacrimis Setumque cruori 
Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens 
"Pyrame," clamavit, "quis te mihi casus ademit? 
Pyrame, responde ; tua te carissima Thisbe 
Nominat. Exaudi, vultusque attolle iacentes !" 90 

Ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam morte gravatos 
Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia. 
Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense 
Vidit ebur vacuum, "Tua te manus," inquit, "amorque 
Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum 95 

Hoc manus, est et amor ; dabit hie in vulnera vires. 
Persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar 
Causa comesque tui. Quique a me morte revelli 
Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli ! 

"Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 100 

O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes, 

Ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima iunxit, 

Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. 

At tu, quae ramis arbor miserable corpus 

Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 105 

Signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 

Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris." 

Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 

Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. 

Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes. no 

Nam color in porno est, ubi permaturuit, ater ; 

Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. 



3. PERSEUS. 

Perseus Andromedan liber at. 

Clauserat Hippotades aeterno carcere ventos ; 
Admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto 
Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 
Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, 

5 Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 
Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis 
Aethiopum populos, Cepheaque conspicit arva. 
Illic immeritam maternae pendere linguae 
Andromedan poenas iniustus iusserat Ammon. 

IO Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes 
Vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos 
Moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, 
Marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes 
Et stupet, et visae correptus imagine formae 

I5 Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 

Ut stetit, "O," dixit, "non istis digna catenis, 
Sed quibus inter se cupidi iunguntur amantes, 
Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque, 
Et cur vincla geras." 

Primo silet ilia, nee audet 

20 Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 
Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. 
Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 
Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, 

25 Quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae, 

60 



PERSEUS 61 

Indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda 
Insonuit, vcnicnsque immense) bclua ponto 
Imminct. ct latum sub pectore possidet aequor. 

Conclamat virgo. Gcnitor lugubris et una 
Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed iustius ilia. 30 

Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus 
Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent, 
Cum sic hospes ait : "Lacrimarum longa manere 
Tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis hora ferendam 

est. 
Hanc ego si peterem Perseus, love natus et alis 35 

Aerias ausus iactatis ire per auras, 
Praeferrer cunctis certe gener ! Addere tantis 
Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto. 
Ut mea sit, servata mea virtute, paciscor." 1^ 

Accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant, 40 
Promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 

Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro 

Sulcat aquas, iuvenum sudantibus acta lacertis, 

Sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis 

Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 45 

Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli ; 

Cum subito iuvenis pedibus tellure repulsa 

Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo 

Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. 

Utque Iovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo 50 

Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 
Occupat aversum ; neu saeva retorqueat ora, 
Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 



62 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu 
55 Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo 
Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 
Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras 
Attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis 
Versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret. 

60 IUe avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis ; 

Quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 
Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda 
Desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense. 
Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus 

65 Ore vomit. Maduere graves aspergine pennae. 
Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 
Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo 
Stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 
Nixus eo rupisque tenens iuga prima sinistra 

70 Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 

Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 
Implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant 
Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 
Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis 

75 Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. 
Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda ; 
Anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat harena, 
Mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 
Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae. 

80 Virga recens bibulaque etiam nunc viva medulla 
Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit huius, 
Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigor em. 
At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant 




Athene, or Minerva 



PERSEUS 03 

Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, 
Seminaque ex illis iterant [aetata per undas. 85 

Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 
Duritiam tacto capiant ut ab aere, quodque 
Vimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. 

Dis tribus ille focos totidem de caespite ponit, 

Laevum Mercurio, dextrum tibi, bellica virgo ; 90 

Ara Iovis media est. Mactatur vacca Minervae, 

Alipedi vitulus, taurus tibi, summe deorum. 

Protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti 

Indotata rapit ; taedas Hymenaeus Amorque 

Praecutiunt. Largis satiantur odoribus ignes, 95 

Sertaque dependent tectis, et ubique lyraeque 

Tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti 

Argumenta, sonant. Reseratis aurea valvis 

Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu 

Cepheni proceres ineunt convivia regis. 100 



4. NIOBE 

Niobe, superbid elata, se Latonae praeponit. 

^Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 
Vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro 
Et, quantum ira sinit, formosa, movensque decoro 
Cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos 
5 Constitit ; utque oculos circumtulit^alta_superbos, 

"Quis furor, auditos," inquit, "praeponere visis 

Caelestes ? Aut cur colitur Latona per aras, 

Numen adhuc sine Jture meum est? Mihi Tantalus 

auctor, 
Cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas. 
io Plei'adum soror est genetrix mea. Maximus Atlas 
Est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 
Iuppiter alter avus. Socero quoque glorior illo. 

"Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi 
Sub domina est ; Jidibusque mei commissa mariti 
15 Moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur. 
In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 
Immensae spec tan tur opes. Accedit eodem 
Digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem 
Et totidem iuvenes, et mox generosque nurusque. 

jo_"Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam, 
Nescio quoque audete j^atam Titanida Coeo 
Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam 
Exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit ! 
Nee caelo nee humo nee aquis dea vestra recepta est ; 

64 



NIOBE 65 

Exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem, 25 

"Hospita tu terris erras, ego," dixit, "in undis," 
Instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum 
Facta parens ; prolis pars haec est septima nostrae. 
Sum felix — quis enim neget hoc? — felixque manebo. 
Hoc quoque quis dubitet ? Tutam me copia fecit *^ 30 

"Maior sum, quam cui possit For tuna nocere ; 

Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet. 

Excessere metum mea iam bona. Fingite demi 

Huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum, 

Non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum, 35 

Latonae turbam ; qua quantum distat ab orba ? 

Ite, satis, properate, sacri est ; laurumque capillis 

Ponite." 

Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt, 
Quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen. 

Apollo, querellis Latonae motus, omnes filios filiasque 
Niobes perdit. 

Indignata dea est, summoque in vertice Cynthi 40 

Talibus est dictis gemina cu m prole l ocuta : 

"En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis, 

Et, nisi Iunoni, nulli cessura dearum, 

An dea sim, dubitor. Perque omnia saecula cultis 

Arceor, nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris. 45 

Nee dolor hie solus ; diro convicia facto 

Tantalis adiecit, vosque est postponere natis 

Ausa suis, et me, — quod in ipsam r ecidat ! — orbam 

Dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam." 



66 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

50 Adiectura preces erat his Latona relatis : 

"Desine!" Phoebus ait, "poenae mora longa querella 

est." 
Dixit idem Phoebe. Celerique per^era lapsu 
^=*— Contigerant tecti Cadme'ida nubibus arcem. 

Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus, 
55 Adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum 
Duraque mollierat subiectas ungula glaebas. 
Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes 
Conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco 
Terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas. 
60 E quibus Ismenus, dum certum flectit in orbem 
Quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet, 
"Ei mihi !" conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa 
Tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis 
In latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo. /^ 

65 Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 
Frena dabat Sipylus ; veluti cum praescius imbris 
Nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector 
Carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura. 
Frena tamen dantem non evitabile telum 

70 Consequitur, summaque tremens cervice sagitta 
Haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum. 
Ille, ut erat, pronus per colla admissa iubasque 
Volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat. 

Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres 
7S Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 
Transierant ad opus nitidae iuvenale palaestrae ; 
Et iam contulerant arto luctantia nexu 




NlOBE, WITH THE YOUNGEST DAUGHTER 



NIOBE 69 

Deriguitque malis. Nullos movet aura capillos, 
In vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis 
Stant immota genis ; nihil est in imagine vivum. 

Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato 
Congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri ; r 4 o 

Nee flecti cervix nee bracchia reddere motus 
Nee pes ire potest ; intra quoque viscera saxum est. 
Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 
In patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis 
Liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant. i 45 



5. DAEDALUS ET ICARUS. 

Daedalus I car us que filius a Crete volant. Icarus in mare 

cadit. 

- Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus 
Exsilium tactusque loci natalis amore, 
Clausus erat pelago. " Terras licet/' inquit, "et undas 
Obstruat ; at caelum certe patet. Ibimus iliac. 
5 Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos." 

Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes, 
Naturamque novat. Nam ponit in ordine pennas, 
A minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 
Ut clivo crevisse putes ; sic rustica quondam 
io Fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis. 
Turn lino medias et ceris alligat imas, 
Atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit, 
Ut veras imitetur aves. 

Puer Icarus una 
Stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, 

15 Ore renidenti modo quas vaga moverat aura, 
Captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram 
Mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris 
Impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 
Imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas 

2o^Ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura. 

Instruit et natum, "Medio" que "ut limite curras, 
Icare, " ait, "moneo, ne, si demissior ibis, 
Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat. 
Inter utramque vola. Nee te spectare Booten 

70 



DAEDALUS ET ICARUS 71 

Aut Helicon iubeo strictumque Ononis enscm. 25 

Me (luce carpe viam." Pariter praecepta volandi 
Tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas. 

Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 
Et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato 
— Non iterum repetenda ! — suo, pennisque levatus 30 
Ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto 
Quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ; 
Hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 
Et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas. 

Hos aliquis tremula dum captat harundine pisces, 35 

Aut pastor baculo stivave iruiixus arator 

Vidit et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent, 

Credidit esse deos. Et iam Iu,nonia laeva 

Parte Samos, fuerant Delosque Parosque relictae, 

Dextra Lebinthus erat fecundaque melle Calymne, 40 

Cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu, 

Deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus 

Aldus egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis 

Mollit odoratas, pennarum •vincula, ceras. . 

Tabuerant cerae ; nudos quatit ille lacertos, 45 

Remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras, 

Oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen 

Excipiuntur aqua, quae nomen traxit ab illo. 

At pater infelix, nee iam pater, "Icare," dixit, 

"Icare," dixit, "ubi es? Qua te regione requiram?" 50 

"Icare," dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis, 

Devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulchro 

Condidit. Et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. 



6. ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE. 

Orpheus Eurydicen apud inferos petit. 

^Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu 
Aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras 
Tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur. 
Adfuit ille quidem, sed nee sollemnia verba 
5 Nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen. 
Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo 
Usque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes. 

Exitus auspicio gravior. Nam nupta per herbas 
Dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur, 

io Occidit, in talum serpentis dente recepto. 

Quam satis ad superas postquam Rhodopei'us auras 
Deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras, 
Ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta ; 
Perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulchro 

15 Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem 
Umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis 
Sic ait : 

"O positi sub terra numina mundi, 
In quern reccidimus, quicquid mortale creamur, 
Si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris 

20 Vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 
Tartara, descendi ; nee uti villosa colubris 
Terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri. 

" Causa viae coniunx, in quam calcata venenum 
Vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos. ^/ 

72 




Apollo 



ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE 78 

Posse pati volui, ncc me temptasse negabo ; 

Vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est ; 

An sit et hie, dubito. Sed et hie tamen auguror esse, 

Famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, 

Vos quoque iunxit amor. Per ego haec loca plena 

timoris, 
Per Chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni, 30 

Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata. 

" Omnia debemus vobis, paulumque morati 
Serius aut citius sedem properamus ad imam. 
Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque 
Humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35 

Haec quoque, cum iustos matura peregerit annos, 
Iuris erit vestri ; pro munere poscimus usum. 
Quod si fata negant veniam pro coniuge, certum est 
Nolle redire mihi ; leto gaudete duorum/' 

Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40 

Exsangues flebant animae ; nee Tantalus undam 
Captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis, 
Nee carpsere iecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt 
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo. 

Tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45 

Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia coniunx 
Sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare ; 
Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes 
Inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
Hanc simul et legem Rhodopeius accipit Orpheus, 50 

Ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas 
Exierit valles ; aut irrita dona futura. 



74 p. OVIDIUS NASO 

Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames, 
Arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca. 
55 Nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae. 
Hie, ne deficeret, metuens, avidusque videndi, 
Flexit amans oculos ; et protinus ilia relapsa est, 
Bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere captans 
Nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras. 

60 Iamque iterum moriens non est de coniuge quicquam 
Questa suo ; quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ? 
Supremumque "Vale," quod iam vix auribus ille 
Acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est. 

Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem 
65 Portitor arcuerat. Septem tamen ille diebus 
Squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit ; 
Cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 
Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam 
Se recipit Rhodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum. 



7. MIDAS. 

Avaritia jugienda est. 

Xec satis hoc Baccho est. Ipsos quoque deserit agros, 

Cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli 

Pactolonque petit, quamvis non aureus illo 

Tempore nee caris erat invidiosus harenis. 

Hunc adsueta cohors Satyri Bacchaeque frequentant. 5 

At Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 

Ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis 

Ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus 

Orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. 

Qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum, 10 

Hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 

Per bis quinque dies et iunctas ordine noctes. 

Et iam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen 
Lucifer undecimus. Lydos cum laetus in agros 
Rex venit, et iuveni Silenum reddit alumno. i s 

Huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 
Muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto. 
Ille, male usurus donis, ait. ''Effice. quicquid 
Corpore contigero, fulvum yertatur in aurum." 

Annuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit 2 ° 

Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 
Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros, 
Pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temp tat. 
Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem 
Ilice detraxit virgam ; virga aurea facta est. 2 $ 



76 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Tollit humo saxum ; saxum quoque palluit auro. 
Contigit et glaebam ; contactu glaebaj)otenti 
Massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas ; 
Aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet ^arhoi^ pomum ; 
30 Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis 
Admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur. 

Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens 
Omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri 
Exstructas dapibus nee tostaejrugis egentes. 

35 Turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra 
Munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ; 
Sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat, 
Lammina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat. 
Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis ; 

40 Fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres. 



Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque, 
Effugere optat opes et quae modo voverat, odit. 
Copia nulla famem relevat ; sitis arida guttur 
Urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 
45 Ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens, 
"Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus," inquit, 
"Sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno." 

Mite deum numen, Bacchus, peccasse fatentem 
Restituit, pactique fide data munera solvit. 

50 '^Neye male optato maneas drcumlitus auro, 
Vade," ait, "ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem, 
Perque iugum Phrygiaejabentibus obvius undis 
Carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ; 
Spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit, 

55 J^bde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen." 




Diana as Huntress 



MIDAS 77 

Rex iussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit 

Flumcn, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem. 

Nunc quoque iam veteris perceptoj^emine venae 
Arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis. 



P. OVIDIUS NASO 



Ovid's Metamorphoses begin with the creation of the world, 
describing how out of Nature's chaos the earth was formed, its 
mountains and valleys and plains, its rivers and seas, its winds and 
clouds ; how the stars commenced to glow in the heavens ; how 
fish first appeared in the water, birds in the air, and animals on 
land. Last of all was born man, to whom, unlike other animals, 
it was given to stand erect and lift his countenance heavenward. 

Then came the four ages. 

i st. The Golden Age, when spring bloomed eternal, and the 
earth — untilled — brought forth lavishly of fruits and flowers, 
when men were happy and law-abiding and revered the gods. 

2nd. The Silver Age. Now the year was divided into four 
seasons, and man was forced by winter's cold and ice to take refuge 
in caves and to build huts and rough houses. 

3rd. The Bronze Age. Men learned to forge weapons and to 
wage long and bloody wars with one another. 

4th. The Iron Age, when truth and honor fled, and crime ana 
impiety filled the earth. 

Finally, roused by a heinous offence, Jupiter assembled "the 
heaven-dwellers," and announced his determination to destroy 
all mankind by a flood. At his command, the clouds poured 
forth unceasing rain, rivers overflowed their banks, seas and oceans 
rose, until the earth was covered with the waters. 

Then comes the following story of Deucalion and Pyrrha, which 
relates how this humble, god-fearing couple were instrumental 
in restoring mankind to the world. 



78 



SIGHT READING 

DEUCALION ET PYRRHA 

Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis, 
Terra ferax, dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in illo 
Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 
Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
Nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. 5 

Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor, 
Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, 
Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 
Fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. 
Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 10 

Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 

Iuppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, 

Et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 

Et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, 

Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos, 15 



1. Aonius, of Aonia, a mountainous district in Boeotia. 
Oetaeus, of Oetaea, a district in Greece, northwest of Phocis. Phocis, 
Phocis, a district in central Greece, north of the Corinthian Gulf. 
2. ferax, fertile. 5. cacumen, peak. 7. consors tori, 'partner 
of his couch,'' = Pyrrha. ratis, raft. vectus, part, of veho, carry. 
8 C6rycis,-idis, Corycian, of Corycium, a cave on Mt. Parnassus. 
9. fati-dicus, fate-foretelling. Themis, Themis, goddess of jus- 
tice and prophecy. 10. illo, abl. with comp. aequum, justice. 
11. ilia, what case? why? metuentior . . . deorum, 'more god- 
fearing? ulla, what case? why? 12. stagnare paludibus, 'lie 
covered with pools.' 13. super-esse = manere. modo, just non\ 
recently. 15. in-nocuus, not harmful, innocent, cultor, worshiper. 

79 



80 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Nubila disiecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis 
Et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris. 



Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo 
Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum 

20 Exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum 
Caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti 
Inspirare iubet, fluctusque et flumina signo 
lam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 
Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, 

25 Bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto, 
Litora voce replet sub utroque iacentia Phoebo. 
Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba 
Contigit, et cecinit iussos inflata receptus, 
Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis, 

30 Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. 
Flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur ; 
lam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes, 
Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis, 



16. nubila, -orum, = nubes. dis-icio, drive apart, scatter, nimbus, 
storm-cloud. 18. posito = de-posito. tricuspis, three- pointed. 
19. mulceo, soothe, calm. profundum, deep (sea). 20. in-natus, 
in-born, native, murex, shell-fish from which purple dye was ob- 
tained ; hence, purple. 21. Triton, Triton, sea-god, son of Nep- 
tune, concha, spiral shell, Triton's horn. 22. in-spiro, blow 
into. 23. bucina = concha, illi = ab illo. 24. tortilis, twisted, 
spiral, turbo, whorl (of a shell). 25. concepit . . . aera, 'caught 
(Triton's) breath.' 26. sub utroque . . . Phoebo, 'under both 
(the rising and setting) Sun. 1 27. roro, drip, barba, beard. 
28. contigit, sc. concha, as subject, canere . . . receptus (in 
prose, receptui), military term, sound a retreat, in-rlo = in-spiro. 
32. plenos . . . amnes, 'the rivers, though still full, keep within 
their channel' ; how lit.? 



DEUCALION ET PYRRHA M 

Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae 
Ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 35 

Redditus orbis erat. Quern postquam vidit inanem 
Et dcsolatas agere alta silentia terras, 
Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis : 

"0 soror, O coniunx, O femina sola superstes, 
Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, 40 

Deinde torus iunxit, nunc ipsa pericula iungunt : 
Terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus, 
Nos duo turba sumus ; possedit cetera pontus. 
Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae 
Certa satis. Terrent etiam nunc nubila mentem. 45 

'"'Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 
Nunc animi, miseranda, foret? Quo sola timorem 
Ferre modo posses ? Quo consolante doleres ? 
Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus ha- 

beret, 
Te sequerer, coniunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. 50 

"0 utinam possem populos reparare paternis 
Artibus atque animas formatae infundere terrae ! 
Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus, — 
Sic visum est superis, — hominumque exempla mane- 
mus." 

34. nudata = nuda, sc. undis. 35. ilmus, mud, slime. 39. soror, 

really cousin, Deucalion being the son of Prometheus, and Pyrrha 
the daughter of Epimetheus, his brother, super-stes, surviving. 
40. patruelis origo, 'descent as cousins.' 42. occasus et ortus, 
sc. solis. 43. turba, crowd (ironical). 48. Quo consolante 
doleres? = Quis te dolentem consolaretur? 51. paternis . . . 
terrae, Prometheus is said to have molded men out of clay and 
breathed life into them. 



82 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Consilio Themidos utentes iaciunt lapides, qui homines jiunt 
55 Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari 

Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. 

Nulla mora est. Adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 

Ut nondum liquidas, sic iam vada nota secantes. 

Inde ubi libatos irroravere liquores 
6d Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 

Ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi 

Pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. 

Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 
Pronus humi gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. 
65 Atque ita, "Si precibus," dixerunt, "numina iustis 
Victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, 
Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus." 

Mota dea est sortemque dedit : "Discedite templo, 
70 Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 
Ossaque post tergum magnae iactate parentis." 

Obstipuere diu ; rumpitque silentia voce 
Pyrrha prior, iussisque deae parere recusat, 
Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
75 Laedere iactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 

57. Cephisis, -idos, adj., of the Cephisus, a river that rises on 
Mt. Parnassus. 58. ut . . . sic, while . . . yet. 59. inde = 
ex illis undis. libatos . . . liquores, cf. Cadmus, 27. ir-roro, 
sprinkle. 60. sanctus, holy. 61. delubrum, shrine, temple, fastl- 
gium, gable, turpis, disgraceful. 62. muscus, moss. 64. paveo, 
tremble. 66. re-mollesco, be softened. 67. nostri = humani. 
68. mersis (mergo) . . . rebus, l sab-merged world.' 73. recuso, 
refuse. 74. rogat ut Themis sibi veniam det. 75. maternas 
. . , umbras, 'mother's ghost.' 



DEUCALION ET PYRRHA 83 

Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 

Verba datae sort is secum, inter seque volutant. 

Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis 

Mulcet et, "Aut fallax," ait, "est sollertia nobis, 

Aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent : 80 

Magna parens terra est ; lapides in corpore terrae 

Ossa reor dici ; iacere hos post terga iubemur." 

Coniugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est, 

Spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo caelestibus ambo 

Diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit? 85 

Discedunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt 

Et iussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 

Saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ? — 

Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem 

Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. 90 

Mox ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis 

Contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri 

Forma potest hominis, sed, uti de marmore coepto, 

Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis. 

Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco 95 

Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum ; 

Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 

76. latebra, hiding-place, caecis obscura latebris, 'dark with blind 
riddles.' 77. voluto, freq. of volvo. 78. Promethides . . . Epi- 
methis, patronymics ; see note to 1. 39. 79. sollertia, shrewdness, 
wits. 80. nefas, indecl., impiety, suadeo, advise. 82. reor, think. 
83. augurium, interpretation. Titania = Pyrrha, daughter of the Ti- 
tan, Epimetheus. 84. dubium, doubt. 85. dif-fido, distrust. 86. 
re-cingo, tin-gird. 88. testis, witness, vetustas, antiquity of the tra- 
dition. 89. durities, from durus. 90. ducere formam, Hake 
shape.' 92. sic, although, manifestos clear. 94. ex-actus, sharply 
defined, rudibus . . . signis, statues in the rough. 95. umidus, 
damp. 96. terrena, of earth. 97. ne-queo, be unable, muto, change. 



84 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit ; 
Inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa 
ioo Missa viri manibus f aciem traxere virorum, 
Et de femineo reparata est femina iactu. 
Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum, 
Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 

101. de femineo . . . iactu, 'from the woman's throwing. 1 
102. experiens, used to. 103. documentum, proof. 



PHILEMON ET BAUCIS 

"And strangers with good cheer receive." 

Prior. 
Pirithous, in the presence of some guests of the river-god Achil- 
ous, had spoken scornfully of the power of the gods. In the way 
of administering a rebuke, Lelex tells the story of Philemon and 
Baucis, a poor but kind-hearted old couple in Phrygia, who once 
received the gods Jupiter and Mercury in human form, when all 
others had refused the divinities entertainment. They were re- 
warded by seeing their low hut changed into a magnificent temple, 
of which, at their own request, they were made the attendants. 
After long and happy service there they were not suffered to see 
death, but were both at the same moment changed into trees. 

Hospitalitatis ne estote immemores ; per hanc enirn qui- 

dam inscii exceperunt angelos hospitio. 
Sic dicitque Lelex : 

Tiliae contermina quercus 
Collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro. 
Haud procul hinc stagnum est, tellus habitabilis olim, 
Nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. 

Iuppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente 5 

Venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis. 
Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes ; 
Mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 

1. Lelex, Lelex, an old man, who had taken part in the famous 
hunt of the Calydonian boar, tilia, linden tree. 2. collis, hill. 
modicus, moderate, low. 3. haud, by no means, not. stagnum, 
standing water, pool. 4. mergus, diver, sea-gull, fulica, coot. 
paluster, marsh-haunting. 5. species, guise. 6. Atlantiades, 
patronymic, Mercury, grandson of Atlas, caduci-fer, Bearer of 
the Herald's staff, being messenger of the gods. 7. requies, rest. 
8. sera, bar, bolt. 

85 



86 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri ; 
ioSed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon 

Ilia sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, ilia 

Consenuere casa ; paupertatemque f atendo 

Effecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendo. 

Nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras ; 
15 Tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque. 

Ergo ubi caelicolae placitos tetigere penates, 
Submissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, 
Membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili, 
Quo superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis. 

20 Inde f oco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes 
Suscitat hesternos foliisque et cortice sicco 
Nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili, 
Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 
Detulit et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 

25 Quodque suus coniunx riguo collegerat horto, 
Truncat holus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni 

9. stipula, dried stalk, straw, canna, reed, eane. 10. anus, -us, 
old woman, parilis (par), equal, aetas, age. 11. ilia, what case? 
why? 12. cdn-senescd, grow old together, casa, hut. pauper-tas, 
poverty. 13. nee in-iquus, not discontented, cheerful. 14. re-fert, 
impers., it matters, famulus, servant. 16. ergo, therefore, caeli- 
cola, heaven-dweller. Penates (household gods), hearth, home. 
17. sub-missus, lowered. 18. senex, old man. re-levare, sc. eos as 
subj. sedfle, seat, bench. 19. in-icio, throw upen. textum (texo, 
weave), cloth, sedulus, busy, zealous. 20. cinis, ashes. 21. sus- 
cito, stir up. hesternus, yesterday's, cortex, bark, siccus, dry. 
22. nutrio, nurse, anima, breath, anilis (anus), of an old woman, 
feeble. 23. multi-fidus, many-cleft, ramalia, -ium (ramus), twigs. 

24. de-fero, take down, minuo, break in bits, aenum, brazen kettle. 

25. riguus (rigo), well-watered, hortus, garden. 26. trunco, strip. 
holus, -eris, n., vegetables, furca, fork, levo, lift, bi-cornis, two- 
pronged. 




Zeus, or Jupiter 



30 



PHILEMON ET BAUCIS 

Sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno, 
Servatoque diu rcsecat de tergore partem 
Exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis. 

Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas, 
Concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 
Impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo 
Sternere consuerant ; sed et haec vilisque vetusque 
Vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. 35 

Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 
Ponit anus. Mensae sed erat pes tertius impar ; 
Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum 
Sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes. 

Ponitur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae, . 40 

Conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece, 
Intibaque et radix et lactis massa coacti, 
Ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla, 
Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem 

27. sordidus, begrimed, blackened (with smoke), sus, pig. tignum, 
beam, rafter. 28. re-seco, cut of. tergus, back, chine. 29. domo, 
master ; soften. 30. medius, intervening, fallo, while away. 31. con- 
ditio, shake up. torus, cushion, ulva, marsh-grass, sedge. 32. lectus, 
bed. sponda, bedstead, salignus (salix, willow), of willow-wood. 
34. con-suesco, be accustomed, vilis, cheap. 36. ac-cumbo, recline 
at table, suc-cingo, gird up. 37. tertius, third, im-par, un-even. 
38. testa, piece of tile, potsherd, clivus, slant. 39. tollo, take away. 
aequatam, sc. mensam. menta, mint, tergeo, wipe of. vired, 
be green. 40. bi-color, two-colored. The olive is green when unripe, 
black when ripe, sincerus, pure, virgin, baca, any small fruit; 
here, olive, sacred to Minerva. 41. condo, preserve, pickle, cornum, 
cornel-berry, faex, brine. 42. intibum, endive, radix, radish, lac 
. . . coactum, lit., thickened milk = cheese. 43. ovum, egg. non 
acri . . . favilla, 'embers no longer glowing.' 44. fictile, earthen 
vessel, caelatus eodem . . . argento, carved in the same (kind of) 
plate y i.e. earthenware (said in jest). 



88 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

45 Sistitur argento crater fabricataque fago 
Pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris. 

Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes. 
Nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae, 
Dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. 
50 Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis 
Prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris 
Et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae. 
Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus 
Accessere boni nee iners pauperque voluntas. 

55 Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri 
Sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina. 
Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis 
Concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon, 
Et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. 

6oUnicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, 
Quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 
Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat, 
Eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos 
Confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari ; 

45. sisto, stand, place, crater, ace, cratera, mixing-bowl, fabrico, 
make, fagus, beech-wood. 46. poculum, cup. flavens, yellow, il- 
lino, smear. 47. epulae, viands, caleo, be hot. 48. nee, with longae. 
senecta, age. 49. mensae . . . secundae, dessert, se-duco, remove. 
50. nux, nut. rugosus, wrinkled. Carica, sc. ficus, (Carian) fig. 
palma, (palm) date. 51. prunum, plum, patulus, wide, open, red- 
oleo, be fragrant, malum, apple, canistrum, basket. 52. purpureus, 
purple, vitis, vine, uva, grape. 53. candidus, white, favus, honey- 
comb. 54. iners, sluggish, voluntas, goodwill. 55. totiens, as 
often as. haurid, empty, re-pleo, re-fill. 56. sponte sua, 'of its 
own accord.' succresco, 'be supplied anew. 1 57. supinus, uplifted. 
60. unicus, single, anser, goose, villa, farm-house. 62. fatigo, 
lire out. 



PHILEMON ET BAUCIS 89 

" Di " que "sumus, mcritasque luet vicinia poenas 65 

Impia," dixerunt, "vobis immunibus huius 

Esse mali dabitur. Modo vestra relinquite tecta 

Ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis 

Ite simul." 

Parent ambo, baculisque levati 
Nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. 70 

Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 

Missa potest ; flexere oculos, et mersa palude 

Cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere. 

Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, 

Ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus 75 

Vertitur in templum ; furcas subiere columnae, 

Stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur, 

Caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus. 

Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore : 

"Dicite, iuste senex et femina coniuge iusto 80 

Digna, quid optetis." Cum Baucide pauca locutus 

Iudicium superis aperit commune Philemon : 

"Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri 
Poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos, 
Auferat hora duos eadem, nee coniugis umquam 8 $ 

Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia." 



65. luo, suffer. 71. semel, once, with missa. 73. pro-spicio, see 
from afar, tantum, only. 76. sub-eo, take the place of. 77. 
stramen, straw, thatch, flavesco, grow yellow, auratus (aurum), 
gilded. 79. Saturnius, son of Saturn, Jupiter, e-do, (give forth) 
utter. 82. iudicium, opinion, aperio, disclose. 83. sacerdos, priest- 
tueor, take care of '. 84. con-cors, of one mind, harmonious. 85. au- 
ferat, i.e. in death. 86. tumulo, bury. 



90 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Vota fides sequitur. Templi tutela fuere, 
Donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti 
Ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique 

9 o Narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, 
Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 
Iamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus 
Mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta, "Vale" que 
"O coniunx," dixere simul, simul abdita texit 
Ora frutex. 

95 Ostendit adhuc Thymbreius illic 

Incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 
Haec mihi non vani (neque erat cur fallere vellent) 
Narravere senes. Equidem pendentia vidi 
Serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi : 

100 " Cura pii dis sunt, et qui coluere, coluntur." 

87. fides, fulfilment, tutela (tueor), guardian. 88. aevum, age. 
solutus, 'weakened. 1 90. frondeo, put forth leaves. 96. frutex, 
sprout. Thymbreius, of the Thymbrios, a river in Phrygia. 96. de 
gemino . . . corpore, 'from the two bodies.' Philemon became an 
oak; Baucis, a linden tree. 98. e-quidem, indeed. 



NOTES 

Publius Ovidius Naso: seep. i. B.373;A. 108; H. 354. 3. 1 
P. : common abbreviation for Pilbliiis. Naso : family name, cognomen; 
connected by derivation with nasus, ' nose.' 

1. Metamorphoses, III. 1-137. 

11 Cadmus by sowing dragon's teeth, we read, 
Raised a vast army from the poisonous seed." 

Gay : Epistle to William Lowndes, Esq. 

Page 51. Europa, daughter of Agenor, King of Phoenicia, was play- 
ing with her companions by the seashore. Jupiter, becoming enamoured 
of her, transformed himself into a beautiful white bull, and wandering 
near attracted her attention. Having by his gentleness encouraged 
her to pet him, he lay down on the sand. The unsuspecting maid, 
grown familiar with the animal, sat on his back, whereupon he mounted 
up into the air and bore her over the sea to Crete. Agenor, filled with 
grief at the disappearance of his daughter, bade his three sons, Phoenix, 
Cilix, and Cadmus, go in search of her, adding the harsh condition that 
if they did not find her they must not return home again. As the search 
proved unsuccessful, Phoenix settled in Africa, and Cilix in Cilicia, 
which took its name from him. Cadmus, ' having wandered the world 
over,' asked the oracle at Delphi in what spot he might make his home. 
Having obeyed the directions of the oracle and founded Thebes (as de- 
scribed in the text), he married Harmonia, daughter of Ares and Aphro- 

1 B. = Bennett's Latin Grammar, A. = Allen and Greenough's, H. = Harkness's, 
the "Standard" edition. References like this, p. 60, 1. 7 (page 60, line 7), are to the 
pages of this book. Translations of Latin words or phrases are put in single quotation 
marks. 

Cf. {confer) = "compare"; sc. {scilicet) — "supply," or "understood"; N. = 
"'note"; r. = "remark"; vocab. = "vocabulary," at the end of the book; dir. disc. 
= " direct discourse "; indir. disc. = " indirect discourse " {oratio obliqua) ; constr. = 
"construction"; 1. = "line"; lit. = "literally"; dep. = "depends " or " dependent "; 
trans. = " translate " or " translation "; pred. = " predicate." 

For other abbreviations see the list preceding the vocabulary. 

91 



92 CADMUS [Page 51. 

dite. The two lived happily at Thebes for many years, until portents 
warned them to leave the city. Misfortunes among their children and 
grandchildren now followed thick and fast. At last the aged couple, 
weary of life, were changed into serpents and placed in the happy fields 
of Elysium ; where (in the words of Matthew Arnold, " Cadmus and 
Harmonia ") : 

" Two bright and aged Snakes, 
Who once were Cadmus and Harmonia, 
Bask in the glens, or on the warm seashore, 
In breathless quiet after all their ills." 

Cadmus is said to have introduced an alphabet of sixteen letters from 
Phoenicia (some say Egypt) into Greece. The myth as a whole is 
thought to have especial significance as pointing to an early indebted- 
ness of the Greeks to the more mature civilizations of Phoenicia and 
Egypt, an indebtedness of which there is now much other evidence be- 
sides tradition. The idea has been advanced that the dragon's teeth 
may be a reminiscence of the introduction of the alphabet, suggested 
by the scrawling shapes of the Phoenician letters. 1. Iamque : i. e. after 
Jupiter in the form of a white bull had borne Europa to Crete, deus : 
Jupiter, posita : = depositd. 3. pater : Agenor. ignarus : ' not know- 
ing ' how his daughter had been carried off. perquirere : what would 
the construction be after imperat in prose ? raptam : sc. sororem. 

5. pius et sceleratus : Agenor was pins in taking measures to find his 
daughter, but sceleratus in his harshness toward his son. 8. Phoebi 
oracula : ' the oracle of Apollo ' at Delphi. 9. sit habitanda : sc. 
sibi. 

10. soils: in the sense of desertis. 12. Hac duce : abl. abs., = 'with 
her as your guide.' herba: for in herb a. 13. Moenia fac con- 
das : = fac ut moenia condas, l see to it that you found a city,' ' go 
found a city.' B. 295, 8; A. 565; H. 565, 4. Boeotia ilia: = 'it 
Boeotian ' ; that is, the country in which the city (Thebes) was to be 
built would be called Boeotia, a name supposed to be derived from pods 
( = Latin bos), and probably given to the land on account of its cattle- 
pastures ; not, as tradition reported, from the cow that was said to have 
led Cadmus thither. 

14. bene : in our idiom, ' entirely,' ' fully.' Castalio antro : the 
grotto at Delphi where the oracles were given ; called ' Castalian,' from 
the nearness of the Castalian spring. 15. videt: trans. ' (when) he 
saw.' 16 servitii : i. e. of the yoke ; in ancient times, as in some coun- 
tries to-day, cows were used for plowing and drawing vehicles. 17. Sub- 
sequitur: force of sub-? presso gressu: 'with slow (lit. 'restrained') 



52.] NOTES 93 

pace/ ' step by step,' going only as fast as the COW (1. 15, lente ire). 
18. taciturnus : trans, by an adv. Why? 

19. vada Cephisi : the Cephisus, which empties into Lake Copais in 
Boeotia, rises in Mount Parnassus, but some distance from the location 
of the Delphic Oracle. Ovid's description better suits the upper part 
of the Pleistos, which is fed by the Castalian spring. Ovid could 
never have been at Delphi, or his topography would be more accurate. 
Cadmus's way lay east from Delphi past Panope, then southeast to the 
site of Thebes. The whole distance would be not far from fifty 
miles. 20. tollens . . . auras: tollens frontem, speciosam altis cornibus, 
ad caelum, impiilit auras mugitibus. 22. sua terga : obj. of sequentes; 
trans. ' behind her.' 

Page 52. 24. agit grates : ' gives thanks,' ' thanks/ 27. libandas : 
here simply ' to be drawn.' undas : for use in offering sacrifice. 

29. specus : ' grotto,' designates the place as a hollow or cavity in 
the earth; while antro (1. 31) suggests its use as a habitation, densus : 
= * thickly surrounded.' 

32. Martius: ' sacred to Mars,' or 'of Mars.' The dragon (an guts) 
was said to be the son of Mars (Ares) and Telphusa, one of the Furies. 
cristis et auro : = aureis cristis, by hendiadys. B. 374, 4; A. 432; 
H. 751, 3, n. 1. 

35. Quern lucum: 'this grove.' Tyria de gente profecti: freely, 
1 the Tyrian wanderers,' the Phoenician companions of Cadmus, so 
named from the city Tyre. 38. Caeruleus : here ' dark,' ' steel-col- 
ored.' 39. sanguis relinquit Corpus: they turned pale. 40. atto- 
nitos artus: 'their palsied frames.' 43. media plus parte erectus: 
1 rising more than half his length.' 44. tantoque, etc. : atque est tanto 
cor pore, quanto cor pore, si totum s pedes, est ille Draco, qui geminas Arctos 
separat; i. e. he is as large as the dragon (taking into consideration his 
whole length) in the constellation Draco, which lies between the Great 
and the Little Bear. The constellation took its name from the dragon, 
Ladon, which guarded the apples of the Hesperides ; said to have been 
slain by Hercules and placed in the heavens by Zeus, corpore : B. 224, 
1; A. 415; H. 473, 2. 45. spectes: B. 302, 2; A. 518, a; H. 578, 2. 

46. Nee mora : Nulla mora est. 47. utrumque : parationem telorum, 
parationem fugae. 48. Hos, illos : sc. necat. 49. adflata : trans, by 
1 by ' with an active participle. 

"Cadmus once a new way found, 
By throwing teeth into the ground, 
From which poore seed, and rudely sown, 
Sprung up a War-like Nation." 

Herrick: Hesperides. 



94 CADMUS [Page 52. 

60. altissimus: ' at its greatest height/ at noon. 61. Quae mora 
sit sociis : = ' what causes his companions to linger. ' Agenore 
natus: B.215; A. 403, a; H. 469, 2. 

Page 53. 52. leonis: 'from a lion.' B. 212, 3; A. 357, b, 3; 
H. 458, 4. So Hercules and other heroes were said to have gone about 
carrying a lion's skin, or clad in it, as a mark of prowess. This is 
in fact a distinguishing mark of Hercules (Herakles) in works of 
art. 53. telum : freely, ' his weapons.' Our idiom prefers the plural. 
f erro : referring to the point; the shaft was of wood. B. 224; 

A. 415 ; H. 473, 2. 54. animus : ' courage.' 

66. corpora : corpora sociorum. 56. supra : adv. The dragon 
was lying upon the bodies of the dead Phoenicians, corporis : 

B. 203, 1; A. 345; H. 440, 3. 57. Tristia, sanguinea : determine 
the case of these two words by scanning the line. 60. Magnum: 
* great (as it was).' 61. Illius : illlus molaris. cum: prep. 
62. Moenia forent : why subj. ? 

63. Loricae modo : = ' as with a coat of mail.' How lit.? 

65. duritia vicit eadem : (serpens) non vicit eddent duritid (pellis). 
66. medio lentae spinae curvamine : = ' at the middle coil of his 
flexible back.' 67. f errum : ' point,' as also in 1. 71. 70. Id: 
hastile; the dragon broke off the shaft of the pike, leaving the head 
in the wound. 75. quique, etc. : et niger halitus, qui Stygio ore exit, 
auras vitiat et inficit. 76. Stygio : derived from Styx, a river of 
Hades, which was sometimes put for Hades in general. Hence, 
Stygius = ' deadly, destructive.' 77. modo: 'now.' spiris: 'in 
coils.' orbem : obj. of facientibus. 78. Cingitur: 'winds himself; 
middle or reflexive use of the passive. 79. Impete : for impetu y 
which would not stand in the verse. 

81. spolio leonis: i. e. pelle leonis (1. 52), which Cadmus uses 
as a shield. 

Page 54. 83. Cuspide : = lancea of 1. 53 ; the ' pike ' (iaculum) 
had already been hurled, praetenta : force of prae-? ille : serpens. 
84. ferro, acumine : of the spear, which Cadmus held against the 
dragon's neck (1. 88) to stop his advance. 88. dabat retro : ' kept 
withdrawing,' 'kept moving backward.' plagam sedere : = 'the 
blow from settling.' 89. longius ire: sc. earn, 'it to penetrate 
farther.' 90. in gutture : with coniectum. 91. pressit : 'pressed 
home.' retro eunti: sc. serpenti. 92. pariter cum robore : the 
point of the spear went through the dragon's neck into the tree. 
94. robora: ace, subj. of flagellari, after gemuit. 98. Ettu: 'thou 
too,' a warning that he would one day be changed into a serpent. 
See Introductory Note. 



Page 55.] NOTES 95 

102. Pallas: the special patroness of heroes, motae supponere 
terrae : = ' to stir the ground and place under (the surfao 

104. presso aratro : = ' by sinking a plow ' into the earth. 

105. humi : B, 232, 2 ; A. 427, a ; H. 484, 2. iussos : ' as bidden.' 
mortalia : ' of men.' 

106. maius : neut. as agreeing with the sentence as a whole ; 
trans, with fide (abl.), ' a thing incredible,' ' a thing beyond belief.' 
107. acies: 'point.' 108. picto : 'gay-colored.' 111. festis : 
theatrical performances were given on holidays, in connection with 
religious celebrations. 112. signa : ' figures ' on the curtain. The 
roller of the stage-curtain was set in the front of the stage ; not, as 
to-day, above it. At the beginning of a play the curtain was let 
down ; and when drawn up, being unrolled from the bottom, first 
the heads of the figures painted on it would appear, then the other 
parts. 113. placido tenore : 'with steady motion.' 

Page 55. 114. Tota: i. e. signa. imo in margine : = ' at the 
lower edge,' 'at the very bottom' of the curtain. 

116. cape : sc. arma. 117. civilibus : here for fraternis, or 
fratrum. 118. rigido : with ense. 119. ferit : supply a subject 
from unus, 1. 116. iaculo eminus : ' (struck) by a pike (hurled) 
from a distance.' 120. dederat : sc. ilium, referring to the one who 
had spoken, longius : = diutius. 121. auras : for animam. The 
description suggests the lines in Campbell's " O'Connor's Child " : 

"Another's sword has laid him low, 
Another's and another's ; 
And every hand that dealt the blow, 
Ah me ! it was a brother 's ! " 

122. Exemplo pari: 'in like manner.' 123. Marte : = hello, 
the god of war being put for war itself. 125. matrem : Earth, from 
whom they had sprung; Earth was often addressed as ' Great 
Mother ' in rituals of worship. 126. Quinque : ' (only) five ' ; 
abl. abs. Echion : = ' Viperman.' The other four, according to 
Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, III. rv. 1), were Oudaios, ' Earthly-man '; 
Chthonios, ' Earth-man ' ; Hyperenor, ' Haughty-man ' ; and 
Pelor, l Monster.' 

127. sua : arma. humo : = in humo, for humi. Cf. 1. 105, 
and n. 128. fidem: 'assurance.' 129. Hos opens comites : 
' these (five) as helpers in his work ' of building the city Thebes. 
Sidonius hospes : Cadmus. Why so designated? 130. Phoebeis : 
trans, as if Phoebi. See lines 10-13. 



96 PYRAMUS ET THISBE [Page 55. 

132. Exsilio: '(though) in exile.' Soceri : 'as parents-in-law.' 
Mars and Venus were the parents of Harmonia. 135. ultima dies : 
i. e. ultima dies vitae. 136. dici . . . debet : et nemo debet dici 
beatus ante obitum supremaque funera (' and the last rites of burial '). 
The poet hints at the misfortunes which clouded the last days of 
Cadmus and Harmonia (cf. Introductory Note) which he narrates 
after this selection. The thought was perhaps suggested by Solon's 
warning to the proud Croesus, who had asked him about happiness 
(Herodotus, I. xxxn.) : ' Croesus, do you ask me about human affairs 
— me, who know that the divinity is always jealous and fond of 
troubling? For in the course of a long time men may see many 
things that they would not like to see, and experience many things 
that they would not like to suffer. . . . We must look to the end of 
everything to see how it will turn out ; for in the case of many, the 
deity, after having granted them a happy estate, hath upturned them 
root and branch.' 

2. Metamorphoses, IV. 55-166. 

"Here may ye seen, what lover so he be, 
A woman dar and kan as wet as he." 

Chaucer : Legende of Goode Women. 

Page 56. Pyramus : the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe, apparently 
of oriental origin, is given in full by no ancient writer except Ovid. 
In English literature it has a more prominent place. It is told at 
length by Chaucer, who follows our poet closely, in the " Legende of 
Goode Women " ; and it is set forth by Shakespeare in " Midsummer 
Night's Dream," as: 

"A tedious brief scene of young Pyramus 
And his love Thisbe : very tragical mirth." 

Ovid's narration is alluded to not infrequently by other English 
writers/and has been parodied in recent times by the humorous poet 
J. G. Saxe. 

2. Altera praelata puellis : i. e. venustate or pulchritudine ; the 
expression being varied for Altera pulcherrima (or formosissima) 
puellarum. 3. altam — urbem : Babylon, whose 'lofty* walls of 
brick were famous. Herodotus reported them as about 335 feet in 
height. 5. gradus : sc. amoris. 

6. Taedae iure : = ' in lawful wedlock.' A bride was escorted 
to her home in the evening by a procession of youths bearing torches. 
Torches of pine were preferred because of their inflammable sap. 



57.) NOTES 97 

coissent : why subj.? 7. vetuere : sc. Mud. patres : in ancient 
times questions of marriage, together with matters of dowry, were 
commonly settled by the father. Quod : the antecedent is the clause 
Ex . . . a mho. 8. Ex aequo: trans, by an adv. 9. Conscius 
omnis abest : there is no need of a go-between. 10. Quo magis . . . 
magis : for quo magis . . . eo magis, ' the more . . . the more.' 
B. 223; A. 414, a; H. 479. 

11. Fissus erat . . . utrique : Paries communis utrique domui 
fissus erat tcnui rhud, quam duxerat (freely, ' which had run through 
it') olim, cum fieret (= cum strueretur). 13. nulli : = a nullo. 
14. primi vidistis : ' you were the first to see.' 15. vocis fecistis 
iter: fecistis id (vitium) iter vocis. B. 177, 1 ; A. 393; H. 410, 1. 

18. In . . . oris : = ' and each had caught the other's eager 
breath.' 20. Quantum erat: ' how small a thing it would be.' 
B. 304, 3; A. 522, a; H. 525, 2. toto corpore iungi : i. e. ' to be 
wholly with each other.' 21. hoc si nimium: si hoc nimium esset. 
vel: sc. ut, ' that only.' pateres : i. e. wide enough. 22. debere: 
in trans, supply hoc as obj., referring to the following clause. 

24. diversa sede : = ' being in different places.' 25. Sub noctem : 
' at nightfall.' parti . . . contra: dedere oscula quisque suae parti 
(' to his own side ' of the wall), non pervenientia contra (' which did 
not go through to the opposite side '). 

Page 57. 27. nocturnos ignes : Stellas. 29. coiere : trans, with 
' when.' 30. Multa questi : ' having uttered many complaints.' 
B. 176, 2, b; A. 390, c; H. 409, 1. 33. Neve . . . Nini: et ut, 
ne eis spatiantibus in lato arvo errandum sit (' that they need not 
wander at random'), conveniant ad busta Nini. 34. busta: for 
bustum. It was said that Semiramis built in honor of Ninus an im- 
mense burial mound, some distance from Babylon (Diodorus Siculus, 
II. vn. 1, 2). 

37. placent: eis. lux: i. e. 'daylight.' 39. Callida: 'slyly.' 
B. 239; A. 290; H. 497. 40. suos: her family, adoperta: with 
a veil, designated by velamina (1. 47), amictus (1. 50), vestem (1. 53). 
vultum : B. 180, 1; A. 397, b; H. 416 41. dicta: 'appointed.' 
42. faciebat : sc. earn. Venit . . . rictus : ecce, leaena venit, ob- 
lita (not oblita) rictus spumantes recenti caede (= sanguine) bourn. 
44. Depositura : ' in order to,' etc. B. 337, 4 ; A. 499, 2 ; H. 638, 3. 

46. ad: in our idiom 'by.' 47. f ugit : here fiigit, but in 1. 46 
fiigit. Why? velamina: Ovid frequently uses the plural for the 
singular without appreciable difference of meaning. B. 55, 4, c\ 
A. 100, c\ H. 138, 2. 49. fonte sine ipsa: ' by the spring, without 
(Thisbe) herself.' 



98 PYRAMUS ET THISBE [Page 58. 

Page 58. 66. nocens est: 'is the guilty (one).' miseranda: 
* O pitiable (girl).' 57. qui iussi venires: sc. ut, ' who bade you 
come.' A. 316. 58. prior: used instead of primus, because only 
two persons are referred to. Nostrum: = meum. 60. O qui- 
cumque . . . leones : ' O all ye lions that ' ; stronger than leones, 
qui. 61. timidi est: ' it is the part of a coward.' B. 198, 3; A. 
343, b ; H. 439. optare necem : i. e. not to have the courage, when 
wishing for death, to take one's own life. Suicide was encouraged 
by the Stoics. 

62. pactae arboris : cf. dicta sub arbor e, 1. 41. 63. notae : with 
vesti. 65. Quo . . . f errum : et ferrum, quo accinctus erat, demisit 
in ilia. 66. traxit : sc. id. 

67. humo: see n. to p. 55, 1. 127. 70. ictibus: ' with jets ' of 
water. 71. Arborei: = arboris. See 1. 35. 

76. Quanta . . . gestit: gestit narrate (suo amanti), quanta 
peticula vitaverit. 77. visa in arbore : = * in the tree as she looked 
at it.' How lit. ? 78. facit : sc. earn, pomi : * of the fruit ' ; 
for mototum. an : trans. ' whether ' ; in full, uttum haec sit arbor 
pacta, an non. 

79. videt : by the light of the moon; see 1. 45. 80. retro 
pedem tulit: * she stepped back.' ora : 'face.' 81. instar: why 
not ace? Trans, 'like.' B. 198, 2; A. 359, b; H. 446, 4. 
82. summum stringitur : ' its surface is ruffled. 

Page 59. 83. suos amores : for suum amantem. So often in 
English " love " is similarly used, as in Spenser's " Epithala- 
mion " : 

11 Open the temple gates unto my love ! 
Open them wide that she may enter in." 

84. indignos : i. e. which deserved not such treatment, claro 
plangore : 'with clear-ringing shriek.' 85. comas: why ace? 
86. cruori: B.358, 3; H. 427. 87. figens : 'pressing.' 88. mini : 
B. 188, 2,d; A. 368, a; H. 428, 2. 89. tua : emphatic, ' your own.' 
90. iacentes: 'drooping.' 

91. Ad nomen Thisbes : Pyramus, so near death, responds not 
to the mention of his own name, but to that of Thisbe's. 92. visa 
ilia: trans. ' having seen her.' 93. Quae: ' and she.' B. 251, 6; 
A. 308, /; H. 510. 94. ebur: ' ivory (scabbard).' 95. et mini : 
= mihi etiam; with Est, i I too have.' in unum Hoc : ' for this one 
deed.' 96. hie: amot. 97. exstinctum : sc. te. 98. Qui . . . 
revelli : i. e. et tu, qui heu ! morte sola a me revelli poteras, nee (= l not 
even ') morte poteris a me revelli. 



PAG! 60.] NOTES 99 

100. Hoc: ace. B. 178, 2; A. 396, b t K. ; II. 411, 1. Trans. 
' Let this request be made of you.' amborum verbis: we should 
say. ' in the name of both ' of us. 101. meus : voc though the 
form is nom. ; ' mine and his.' B. 171, 1 ; A. 340, a; II. 402, 2. 
parentes : = patrcs; see 1. 7 and n. 102. Ut . . . eodem : i. e. ut 
nan invideatis {= ' that ye willingly grant ') eos, quos certus amor 
iunxit, quos novissitna hora vitae iunxit, componi (' be laid at rest ') 
in eodem tumulo. 104. tu, quae arbor : tu, arbor, quae. 106. du- 
orum : sc. corpora. 

106. Signa : 'marks/ 109. caede : i. e. Pyrami. 111. color 
ater : the fruit of the common European mulberry is of a purplish- 
black color, yielding a dark red juice. The Chinese mulberry, 
now grown in some parts of America for the nurture of silk-worms, 
bears a fruit almost white in color; that of the native American 
variety is deep red. 

112. rogis : dat. ; with quod superest = id quod e rogis reliquum 
est. Funeral pyres were burned together with the body. 

3. Metamorphoses, IV. 663-764. 

"Lo, in such way Medusa's head was tried !" 

Morris : The Doom of King Acrisius. 

Page 60. Phorcus and Ceto (Phorkos and Keto), divinities of the 
sea, had three daughters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, who were 
together known as the Gorgons (Gorgones), or Phorcides. Of these 
the first two were endowed with immortality ; but Medusa was 
mortal, being a most beautiful maiden with fair long hair. One day 
she committed a sin in a temple consecrated to Minerva, and the 
angry goddess transformed her flowing locks into writhing serpents, 
which were so horrible to look on that any one who might see them 
was at once turned to stone. Perseus and his mother Danae, cast 
forth from Argos, were living at the court of Polydectes, ruler of 
the island Seriphus. He for certain reasons wished to get the youth 
out of the way ; so he bade Perseus go fetch him the head of Medusa, 
thinking that from such a quest no one could come back alive. As 
the young hero was pondering in what way he might carry out his 
commission, Minerva appeared to him with encouraging words, and 
gave him a shield burnished like a mirror, in which he might see the 
reflection of the Medusa without himself being turned to stone. 
Mercury (Hermes) also furnished him a scimitar, or falchion (Harpe) 
which never failed in its stroke, while the nymphs provided him with 



100 PERSEUS [Page 60. 

winged sandals that would carry him through the air ; with a wallet, 

or enchanted sack, in which the Medusa's head, when taken, could 

be carried ; and with the cap of Pluto, the putting on of which made 

the wearer invisible. Thus armed, Perseus went to the far west 

where the Gorgons dwelt. There he 

fcHf l ^- slew Medusa, put her head in the 

[LJ 2x" " wallet, and set out for home through 

TT ., iiu tne air - On the way he made use 

Harpe, the weapon loaned by * . 

Hermes to Perseus. of the monster s head in turning 

Atlas, who had refused him hospi- 
tality, into a mountain, and set the maid Andromeda free. Hav- 
ing done many other wonderful deeds Perseus finally gave back 
the winged sandals, cap, and scimitar, and presented the Medusa's 
head to Minerva, who placed it on her shield. The story of Perseus 
is well told in prose by Kingsley in his " Greek Heroes," and in 
verse by William Morris in the " Earthly Paradise," under the 
title "The Doom of King Acrisius." 1. Hippotades : Aeolus 
(see p. 31), who was said to keep the winds, when not at large, con- 
fined in a strong cavern. 2. Admonitor operum : ' summoner to 
toil.' 3. Pennis : = talaribus of 1. 5. See Introductory Note. 
ille : Perseus. 4. Parte ab utraque pedes : for utrumque pedetn. 
telo unco : the falchion (Harpe) given him by Hermes. The adj. 
is explained by the accompanying illustration, from a painting at 
Pompeii. 6. circum : adv. 7. Cephea arva : Aethiopia, so named 
from its king, Cepheus. 

8. Illic . . . Ammon : Ammon iniustus (trans, as adv.) iusserat 
immeritam Andromedan illic (in Aethiopia) pendere poenas maternae 
linguae. Cepheus, king of Aethiopia, and his fair queen Cassiope, 
had a daughter, Andromeda, of rare beauty. Once Cassiope rashly 
boasted either that she herself or that her daughter (some say one, 
some the other) was more beautiful than the Nereids. The slighted 
goddesses appealed to Poseidon (Neptune) for vengeance. He lis- 
tened to their petition and sent a devastating flood over Aethiopia, 
and caused a terrible sea-monster, following in the wake of the flood, 
to prey upon the land, devouring every living thing that it could 
reach. Cepheus sent to consult the oracle of Jupiter Ammon in 
the African desert, inquiring what could be done to appease the wrath 
of the divinities. Word came back that the plague of the land would 
cease only if Andromeda were given up to the sea-monster. Forced 
by the clamors of the people, the sad parents carried out the condition 
named by the oracle, and chained the girl to a cliff overhanging the 
sea, where the monster might find her. Just as he was approaching 



Page 61.] NOTES 101 

to claim his prey, Perseus appeared and slew him with the unerring 
blade of Hermes. The hero gave the maid back to her parents, only 
to receive her himself in marriage and carry her away to Greece to 
be his queen. Immense bones of a skeleton forty feet in length, 
supposed to be those of the sea-monster slain by Perseus, were dug 
up near Joppa in Judaea (where the scene of the rescue, in one form 
of the myth, is laid), and carried to Rome in the first century B.C., 
where they were shown as a wonder by M. Scaurus (Pliny, Naturalis 
Historia, IX. v. n). The sacrifice and rescue of Andromeda form 
the theme of Kingsley's poem, " Andromeda." 

10. Quam simul . . . Vidit : = et sitnul ac . . . earn vidit. bracchia : 
why ace? 11. nisi quod: 'except that.' 13. Marmoreum . . . 
opus: = arbitrates esset illam fuisse signum marmoreum. inscius : 
without knowing who the maid was. ignes : ignes amoris. 

16. stetit : on the earth, near Andromeda, digna : sc. tu, voc. 
17. sed : digna eis catenis quibus, etc. 18. requirenti : sc. mihi. 
tuum : sc. nomen. 

22. quod potuit: = ' the only thing she could do.' 23. Saepius 
. . . Indicat: i. e. ne videretur nolle fateri sua (emphatic, ' her own ') 
delicta, Mi (Persei) saepius instanti (' insisting/ ' urgent ') indicat 
suum nomen et nomen suae terrae, et quanta fuerit fiducia pulchritudinis 
matris. See n. to 1. 8. 

Page 61. 26. nondum memoratis omnibus : = ' before the whole 
had been told.' 27. ponto Imminet : ' hangs over the deep ' with 
uplifted head and breast. Kingsley (" Andromeda ") thus describes 
the monster's approach : 

"Onward it came from the southward, as bulky and black as a galley, 
Lazily coasting along, as the fish fled leaping before it; 
Lazily breasting the ripple, and watching by sandbar and headland, 
Listening for laughter of maidens at bleaching, or song of the fishers, 
Children at play on the pebbles, or cattle that pawed on the sandhills. 
Rolling and dripping it came." 

29. Genitor : Cepheus. 30. iustius ilia : ' she (Cassiope) with 
better reason' (i. e. sad). Why? 31. auxilium : sc. ferunt. 
32. vincto : to the cliff. 33. hospes : Perseus. Lacrimarum : you 
may have time enough for weeping hereafter ; but for the work of res- 
cue, "'twere well it were done quickly." 35. peterem : in mar- 
riage. 36. ausus : = ' one who has dared.' 37. gener : ' (as) son- 
in-law.' 38. Dotibus : ' advantages ' just mentioned, descent from 
Jupiter and power of flight, et: 'also.' faveant : B. 310, n; 
A. 528; H. 587. 39. Ut . . . paciscor: paciscor ut, servata ('if 
saved ') mea virtute, ilia sit mea; spoken to the parents. 



102 PERSEUS [Page 61. 

40. Accipiunt : the subject is parentes. legem : ' condition. ' 
41. super: here adv. dotale : ' as dowry.' The giving of a dower 
with the bride in ancient times was universal. 42. velut . . . 
lacertis : velut navis concita (= ' in rapid motion '), acta sudantibus 
lacertis iuvenum, sulcat aquas praefixo rostro. 44. Sic . . . scopulis : 
= Sic fera dimovit undas impulsu pectoris, et aberat scopulis (where 
Andromeda and Perseus were) tantum, etc. 45. torto : ' whirled ' 
through the air. 46. plumbo : leaden bullets were used as sling- 
shots, caeli : partitive gen. dep. on quantum (with tantum, ' as 
much space as ') ; but trans, with medii as if in medio caelo. 47. iu- 
venis : Perseus. 48. in aequore summo : ' on the surface of the 
sea.' 

50. Iovis praepes : the eagle, sacred to Jupiter. 51. Phoebo : 
= Soli; the snake is sunning itself. 52. Occupat aversum : i seizes 
from behind.' retorqueat : force of re-? 

Page 62. 54. inane: poetic for aera. 55. pressit: the subject 
is Inachides, i. e. Perseus. Why so called? frementis : sc. illius; 
trans. ' of the roaring monster.' 56. curvo tenus hamo : ' as far 
as the curved hook,' not i as far as the hilt.' See illustration on p. 
ioo. 57. laesa: sc fera. 58. subdit, Versat : sc. se. 

61. patent: = 'they lie exposed.' 63. falcato ense : see 1. 4 
and n. 64. puniceo : with sanguine. 65. pennae : see N. to 1. 3. 

66. Nee : = et non. bibulis talaribus : Perseus feared that his 
light winged sandals might become drenched and unserviceable if 
he should fly too near the bleeding monster. 68. exstat, operitur : 
the rock rises above the water when it is calm, but is covered when 
there is a storm. 69. prima : with iuga, in the sense of ' projecting 
points.' 70. repetita : ' assailed again and again.' 

71. cum plausu clamor : = plausus et clamor; hence with im- 
plevere, for implevit. B. 254, 4; A. 317, n. ; H. 389, 4. 72. Gau- 
dent . . . pater: i. e. Cassiope et pater Cepheus gaudent et salutant 
Per sea generum (' as son-in-law '), et fatentur eum esse auxilium 
servatoremque suae domus. 

76. Ipse: Perseus. 77. anguiferum caput: of Medusa, which 
he carried in the enchanted sack. 78. natas sub aequore virgas : 
i. e. sea-weed. 79. imponit: sc.foliis virgisque. 80. bibula medulla: 
abl., while viva (nom.) agrees with virga. 81. vim . . . rigorem: de- 
scribes the Metamorphosis of the sea-weed into coral, wrought 
by Medusa's head, which still possessed the power of turning what- 
ever it touched into stone. 

Page 63. 84. idem: ace. subj. of contingere after gaudent. 
85. iterant iactata: = iterum atque iterum iactant; i. e. they re- 



PAG! 64. j NOTES 103 

peat the process and thus produce coral in other parts of the 
87. ab tacto aere : = ab tactu a'cris. 

90. Laevum, dextrum : sc. focum. Mercurio : an altar was 
erected to Mercury, because the monster was slain with the weapon 
furnished by him. bellica virgo : Minerva, to whom sacrifice was 
offered because she was the patron of our hero. Her altar was given 
the place of honor, on the right, because she ranked nearer to Jupiter 
than Mercury. 91. Ara Iovis : why should Perseus erect an altar 
in honor of Jupiter? 92. Alipedi : = Mercurio. 

93. et : we should say * as.' f acti : the destruction of the sea- 
monster. 94. Indotata : Perseus, in a manner worthy of a true man 
and a hero, rejects the dower promised (1. 41). rapit : suggests 
the Roman custom of the bridegroom seizing the bride and carrying 
her across the threshold, a part of the marriage ceremony, taedas : 
cf. n. to p. 56, 1. 6. 95. Praecutiunt : at the head of the wedding 
procession, ignes : on the altars. Wedding ceremonies were ac- 
companied by religious rites. 

4. Metamorphoses, VI. 165-312. 

" 'Tis pride, rank pride, and haughtiness of soul! " 

Addison: Cato. 

Page 64. Seven sons and seven daughters made glad the home of 
Amphion and Niobe, king and queen of Thebes. One day as Niobe 
witnessed preparations for a festival in honor of Leto (Latona), and 
Leto's two children, Apollo and Artemis, she was carried away by a 
frenzy of pride and presumption. She declared herself more for- 
tunate in the number of her children, and more worthy of worship, 
than the goddess. Leto, indignant, appealed to her son and daugh- 
ter to avenge the slight. They wrapped themselves in cloud and 
stood above the citadel of Thebes, whence Apollo with his arrows 
slew the sons one after the other. Amphion, crazed with grief, 
killed himself. The mother's pride was still unbroken, and in the 
midst of her defiance the seven daughters were slain by the same 
unerring hand. Then Niobe, crushed at last by her bereavements, 
became stone. A wind carried her rigid form from Thebes across 
the sea to Mt. Sipylus in Lydia, where, fixed in the mountain side, it 
ever weeps (see n. to 1. 144). The story of Niobe is one of many, 
in ancient literature, which have for their theme the presumptuous 
pride of men as arousing the wrath of the gods and bringing its own 
destruction. It has often been treated by artists. The illustration 
(facing p. 68), which represents Niobe trying to shield the youngest 



104 NIOBE [Page 64. 

daughter, is from one of a celebrated group of statues portraying 
the whole scene, that once adorned the pediment of a temple of 
Apollo at Rome. 

1. celeb errima : = ' thickly surrounded.' 2. intexto auro : em- 
broidery with gold thread passed for a Phrygian invention. 3. mo- 
vens: in disapproval. Cf. the lines of Homer (Iliad, I, 528-530): 
1 Saturn's son spake, and nodded thereupon with his dark brows; 
and the ambrosial locks of the king fell waving forward to his nod, 
from his immortal head ; and he made mighty Olympus to tremble.' 
4. immissos : ' left hanging free.' 5. alta : ' with lofty mien/ 

6. auditos praeponere visis Caelestes : i. e. ' to set the gods, who 
are known only by hearsay, above those who are actually seen ' ; 
referring to herself. 7. peraras: 'on altars through the land.' 
8. Numen meum: '(while) my divinity.' auctor: 'father.' 
The story of Tantalus is thus told by Hyginus (Fab. 82) : 

Iuppiter Tantalo concredere sua consilia solitus erat, et ad epulum deorum 
admittere; quae Tantalus ad homines renuntiavit. Ob id dicitur ad inferos 
in aqua media fine corporis stare, semperque sitire; et cum haustum aquae 
vult sumere, aquam recedere. Item poma ei super caput pendent; quae cum 
vult sumere, rami vento moti recedunt. Item saxum super caput eius ingens 
pendet, quod semper timet ne super se ruat. 

9. tangere mensas : ' to sit at table with.' 10. Pleiadum soror : 
the mother of Niobe was Dione, one of the Hyades, who were 
daughters of Atlas and sisters of the Pleiades. 11. qui . . . axem : 
Atlas is said to have led the Titans in their attack upon heaven, and 
on this account to have been compelled to bear the sky (some say 
the earth and the sky) upon his shoulders. 12. Iuppiter . . . 
illo : Jupiter was the father of Amphion as well as of Tantalus. 

13. me, etc.: sub me domind ('as mistress'). Cadmi : see 
Introductory Note, p. 91. 14. fidibus . . . Moenia : 'the walls 
fitted together by my husband's lyre.' When Amphion and Zethos 
(see p. 37) took possession of Thebes, it was said, they resolved to 
fortify it by a wall. As Amphion played upon his lyre, the stones, 
moved by the resistless sound, gathered in order, and fitted them- 
selves together tier on tier till the walls stood forth complete. 

15. viro : = meo marito. 16. adverti : our idiom prefers the 
present ; trans, as if adverto. lumina : i. e. meos oculos. 17. ac- 
cedit : in the sense of additur. 18. facies : referring to her own 
beauty, septem, etc. : Hesiod assigns Niobe twenty children ; 
other writers mention eighteen, twelve, and even fewer. 



Pact 65 j NOTES 105 

20. habeat : why emphatic? 21. Nescio . . . mihi : ct andete 
praefcrre mihi Titanida Latonam, satam nescio quo Coco. Nescio 
quo Coeo : contemptuous, = ' of one Coeus,' whom nobody knows 
anything about. B. 253, 6, A. 575, d; H. 512, 7. 22. cui : Ac- 
cording to one story Latona was pursued by the vengeful hate of 
Juno and wandered from land to land, seeking a home but finding 
none. At length Delos, at that time a floating island, received 
her. Thereupon Jupiter anchored the island to the bottom of the 
sea with adamantine chains. There Latona gave birth to Apollo and 
Artemis. 

Page 65. 25. miserata: Delos, miserata Latonam vagantem, dixit, 
etc. 30. copia : copia natorum. 

31. Maior . . . nocere: i. e. I am so great that fortune cannot 
harm me. B. 283, 2, a; A. 535, c; H. 591, 6. 

32. ut eripiat: B. 308; A. 527; H. 586, 11. 33. Excessere 
metum : sc. mihi; we should say ' have put me beyond the reach 
of fear.' Fingite . . . meorum : Fingite aliquid demi huic populo 
(' throng/ suggesting a comparison of the number of her children 
to a nation) meorum natorum. B. 188, 2, d\ A. 381 ; H. 427. 

35. spoliata : * though despoiled ' of some. B. 337, 2, e; A. 496; 
H. 638, 2. 36. turbam : used contemptuously of Latona's two 
children, in contrast with populo natorum above, qua . . . orba: 
qua turba quantum distat ilia ab femind orba natorum? ' And with 
this number how far is she from being childless? ' (lit. ' from a 
childless woman'). 37. satis sacri est: the sacred rites in honor 
of Latona and her children have gone far enough. 

38. Ponite : for deponite. Deponunt : deponunt coronas e lauro 
nexas, quas in honor em Latonae et Latonigenarum capitibus imposu- 
erant. 39. Quodque licet : et id, quod illis licet, tacito : because 
open worship is prohibited. 

"Pride goeth before destruction, 
And an haughty spirit before a fall." 

Proverbs. 

40. dea: Latona. Cynthi : why on Cynthus? 41. gemina 
prole : Apollo and Artemis. 

42. vobis animosa creatis : freely, ' proud that I bore you.' 
43. cessura : in rank. 

44. An: translate 'whether'; in full, utrum dea sim, an non. 
dubitor : our idiom prefers the impers. form ; trans, as if dubitatur. 
cultis : with aris f = ' altars tended with rites of worship.' 45. Ar- 
ceor : by Niobe interdicting my worship. 48. quod in ipsam re- 



106 NIOBE [Page 66.] 

cidat : ' and may it (that which she said of me) fall back upon her- 
self.' Notice recidat instead of recidat, to fit the verse. 49. pater- 
nam : = patris, of Tantalus, whose unbridled tongue betrayed the 
secrets of the gods. See n. to 1. 8. 

Page 66. 51. poenae . . . est : longa querella est mora poenae. 

63. Contigerant : forcible use of the plup., indicating the imme- 
diateness of the action. 

54. moenia : of Thebes. 55. Adsiduis : adj. with equis, when 
adsidue with pulsatus might have been expected, turba rotarum : 
the plain was used also for chariot-racing. 56. mollierat : i. e. had 
ground into dust. 57. Amphione : abl. after genitis. 58. Con- 
scendunt: B. 254, 4, a; A. 317, d, 1 ; H. 389, 1. Tyrio suco : i. e. 
with crimson blankets. The ancient royal purple (in tint more akin 
to scarlet than our purple) was produced by a dye extracted at 
considerable cost from the murex, a species of shell-fish. As Tyre 
was a centre for the manufacture of it, it was often called l Tyrian 
purple. ' 

60. E quibus : et ex his, or et horum. The names of Niobe's 
sons (according to Ovid) were, Ismenus, Sipylus (1. 66), Phaedimus 
(1. 74), Tantalus (1. 75), Alphenor (1. 83), Damasichthon (1. 89), and 
Ilioneus (1. 96). certum in orbem : ' into a definite circle/ following 
a track. 62. mini : B. 188, 1; A. 379, a; H. 421, 4. 63. Tela, 
for telum, here — sagittam (cf. 1. 65). 64. In latus : ' sidewise.' 
armo : of the horse. 

65. inane: cf. p. 62, 1. 54, and n. 66. Frena dabat: in flight; 
like our expression " he gave the reins to his horse." veluti . . . 
aura : veluti cum rector navis, praescius imbris, nube visa, fugit, et 
undique deducit pendentia carbasa, ne qua parte levis aura effluat. 
68. deducit: i unfurls.' On ancient vessels the sails were unfurled 
from above ; now they are drawn up from the yards. 69. dantem : 
sc. eum. non evitabile : for inevitabile. 70. summa cervice : in 
summd parte cervicis. 71. ferrum: as p. 53, 1. 53. 

72. ut . . . iubasque : c lying forward, as he was, over the neck 
and mane (of his horse) at full speed.' In swift riding the good rider 
often presses forward over the horse's neck, thus offering less re- 
sistance to the air. 

76. solito labori : perhaps exercising with horses, in which Is- 
menus and Sipylus had been engaged, is meant. 76. nitidae : 
1 shining ' with oil, with which the body was rubbed before engaging 
in athletic exercises. 

Page 67. 78. tento concita nervo . . . sagitta: ' the arrow 
swiftly sent forth from the bow tightly strung.' 80. simul, simul: 



PAd 68.] NOTES 107 

forceful anaphor a, B. 350,11,6; A. p. 433; II. 666 1. 81. solo: 

for in solo, suprema : = ' for the last time' 82. exhalarunt : 

The fifth foot is a spondee, making a spondaic verse. — — — 

B. 368, 2; A. 615, 6; H. 735, 3- 

83. laniata pectora plangens : = lanians pectus plangendo, a sign 
of grief. 85. illi : B. 188, 1, n. ; A. 377; H. 425, 4, n. 86. f erro . 
= the iron-pointed arrow, by synecdoche. 87. Quod simul educ- 
tvm : ct simul ac id eductum est. 

89. non simplex : i. e. double, as shown by the following lines, 
intonsum : a sign of youth ; the hair of Greek boys was left uncut 
till they reached the age of manhood. 90. esse : omitted in trans. 
93. pennis : at the end of the shaft of the arrow, attached there to 
give steadiness of motion and accuracy in hitting the mark. 

96. Ultimus : ultimus (septimus) filius. non profectura : = 
'which were to avail nothing.' 98. non omnes : only Apollo. 
99. revocabile Non fuit: = ' was beyond recall.' 100. tamen : 
although Apollo could not recall the arrow, he made the wound 
less harrowing. 

103. certam : for certiorem, which the verse would not admit ; 
followed by gen. ruinae. 104. potuisse : superos hoc potuisse, = 
' that the gods had so great power.' ausi essent : B. 286, 1 ; A. 540 ; 
H. 588, 11. 107. cum luce: i. e. cum vita; moriens eodem tempore 
finem imposuit vitae et dolori. 

Page 68. 108. haec . . . ilia: haec Niobe distabat ab ilia Niobe, 
B. 350,10; H. 667. 110. resupina: here ' with head thrown back' 
in her pride. 111. Invidiosa suis : ' an object of envy (even) to her 
friends/ 

114. liventia : in consequence of beating her breast. 115. Pas- 
cere : pass, used reflexively, with the force of a deponent; followed 
by the abl., as vescor. 117. Efferor : idiomatic, ' I am borne out ' 
to the grave, = ' I am undone.' 118. Miserae . . . vinco : I in 
my bereavement still have more children than thou didst ever 
have. 

120. contento ab arcu : Ovid gives no hint that arrows were sent 
by any other than Apollo ; but in other forms of the story Artemis 
is represented as the destroyer of the daughters. Cf. lines 51-53- 
122 : atris : the color of mourning, applied to anything connected 
with the Underworld or the worship of the dead. 123. toros : 
'biers.' 124. viscere : suo viscere. 125. f ratri : after Imposito. 
127. duplicata . . . est : ' was bent together by an invisible wound ' ; 
like our colloquial phrase ' was doubled up.' 

130. Sex: sex filiabus. 132. minimam : minimam natu, 'the 



108 DAEDALUS ET ICARUS [Page 68. 

youngest.' 133. et unam : 'and (only) one/ 'it is only one I ask 
for/ The mother's pride was broken. 

134. Dum . . . occidit : et dum Niobe precatur, ilia filia, pro qua 
precatur, occidit. 

Page 69. 136. Nullos movet aura capillos: nulla aura capillos 
movet. 

141. bracchia: sc. possunt. 142. intra ... est: in the Greek 
Anthology there is the following epigram on Niobe : 

"Within this tomb no body lies; 
About this body is no tomb ; 
And that which stands before thine eyes — 
Itself both body is and tomb." 

144. In patriam : to Lydia (see Introductory Note). On the 
north side of Mt. Sipylus, not far from Magnesia, the rude form of 
a woman may be seen in a large niche in the limestone rock, half way 
up a steep cliff. The figure is in a sitting posture, about three times 
the natural size. Some observers have reported that the dripping of 
water down the cliff over the face gives even now the appearance of 
weeping. This figure, which has been called Niobe, seems rather 
to be a very ancient image of Cybele ; the figure of Niobe was prob- 
ably a rock of peculiar appearance, which has not yet been identified. 
The story of Niobe belongs to a very large class of myths, common 
in other mythologies as well as the Greek, which relate as their 
outcome a transformation into stone. (Compare, for example, the 
story of Atlas, p. ioo ; for others mentioned see Lang, " Myth, 
Ritual, and Religion," Vol. I., p. 150 et seq.) What their origin is 
it is not possible to determine with certainty ; but some were prob- 
ably suggested at the beginning by natural appearances bearing a 
real or fancied resemblance to the human face or figure, such as 
the " Old Man of the Mountain," near the Profile House, New Hamp- 
shire. 

5. Metamorphoses, VIII. 183-235. 

"Daedalus of yore 
And his son Icarus, who wore 
Upon their backs 
Those wings of wax." 
Trowbridge : Darius Green and His Flying Machine. 

Page 70. Daedalus, the cunning craftsman, so the story ran, 
taught his arts to his nephew Perdix, who soon surpassed him in 



I 70.] NOTES L09 

skill and aroused his jealousy. Thereupon Daedalus killed the 
youth. Being obliged to flee from Athens on account of the murder, 

he went to Crete, where Minos, king of the island, made use of his 
services in the construction of the Labyrinth. But Minos, some 
say because appreciating so highly the value of Daedalus's work, 
others say in anger because he had shown Ariadne how to give 
Theseus a clue to the Labyrinth, would not let him leave Crete 
when he wished, and seized all the ships about the island that h • 
might not escape. Daedalus, not to be foiled by any such expedient, 
then constructed wings for himself and his son Icarus, with the help 
of which they set out over the sea. The father escaped thus in 
safety to Sicily ; but Icarus flew too near the sun ; so that the wax on 
his wings melted, and he fell into the sea named after that from him. 

2. loci natalis : Athens. 4. Obstruat : i. e. ut Minos obstruat. 
5. possideat: 'Granted that (Minos) may possess.' B. 278; 
A. 440; H. 559, 3. 

7. Naturam novat : ' he makes a new nature ' for himself; he 
changes his nature from that of a walking to that of a flying animal. 
9. clivo, etc. : the shortest feather at one end, the rest gradually 
increasing in length, the longest at the other end; suggesting the 
appearance of trees on a hillside, with tops rising row above row from 
the bottom to the summit. 10. Fistula : the Pan's Pipe was made 
of reeds, usually seven in number, placed side by side, and so arranged 
that each was shorter than the one next to it. 11. medias, imas : 
the feathers were fastened together at the middle and at the ends 
which would be nearest the body. 13. veras aves : for veras avium 
alas. 

14. sua pericla : i. e. the means of his own destruction. 
15. Ore renidenti : ' his face beaming ' with pleasure in his play. 
17. Mollibat: old form for molliebat. B. 116, 4, b\ A. 183, 1; 
H. 244, 1. 18. manus ultima: in our idiom ' the finishing touch.' 
coeptis : dat. after imposita est. 20. mota : by his wings. 

21. Medio . . . moneo : " Icare," ait, " moneo ut in medio 
limite curras." 22. demissior : 'too low.' 23. ignis: ignis solis. 

24. Nee . . . viam : i. e. Daedalus directs Icarus not to steer 
his course (as a sailor- would) by the stars of any constellation, 
but to follow his father implicitly. Booten : Bootes, it was said, 
invented the plow, to which he attached oxen. To commemorate his 
inventive genius he was transferred to the heavens, where he follows 
the Triones. The constellation Bootes is identical with Arctophylax, 
4 Bear-keeper,' ' Bear-ward,' so named in honor of the son of Callisto. 
The legend runs that Callisto was an Arcadian nymph who roamed 



110 ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE [Page 70. 

field and forest in the train of the huntress Artemis. Having be- 
come the recipient of amorous attentions from Zeus, she was changed 
by jealous Hera into a bear. In this form she was pursued by her 
own son Areas, and would have been killed, had not Zeus stayed 
the death-bringing shaft, and transferred both mother and son to 
the heavens, where Callisto became the Great Bear, Areas Arcto- 
phylax, or Bootes. 

Page 71. 25. Orionis ensem : Orion was a celebrated giant, who 
possessed the power of wading through the deepest seas. At his 
death he was placed in the heavens, where one may still see the rows 
of bright stars that form ' Orion's Belt ' and ' Sword/ 26. Me 
duce : cf. p. 51, 1. 12, and n. Pariter : = eddem tempore. 

28. opus : of fitting the wings, genae seniles : ' the old man's 
cheeks.' maduere : i. e. lacrimis. 33. Hortatur : sc. eum. 
35. Hos . . . deos : aliqids (= quispiam), dum captat pisces trementi 
harundine, aut pastor innixus baculo y vel arator innixus stivd, vidit 
hos, et obstipuit; et credidit eos, qui aether a car per e possent (why 
subj. ?), esse deos. 36. baculo, stiva : B. 218, 3 ; A. 431 ; H. 476, 3. 
38. Iunonia Samos : sc. erat; called 'Juno's Samos ' because of a 
favorite sanctuary of the goddess there. The course of Daedalus 
and Icarus was now towards Asia Minor, in the direction of Miletus. 

43. Rapidi : 'consuming.' 44. odoratas : by the action of the 
heat. 45. nudos lacertos : lacertos nudos alts. 46. non ullas 
auras : no breeze to carry him on. 47. caerulea : abl. 48. aqua : 
i. e. mari, that part of the Aegean Sea known as the ' Icarian Sea ' 
{Icarium Mare), along the coast of Ionia and Caria, in Asia Minor; 
so named, doubtless, notwithstanding the myth of Daedalus's son, 
from the island Icaros. 

49. nee iam: ' no longer.' 

51. dicebat : force of the change from dixit, 1. 50? 53. tellus : 
the island of Icaros, or Icaria ; one of the Cyclades, west of Samos. 

6. Metamorphoses,- X. 1 et seq. 

"Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing 
Such notes as, warbled to the string, 
Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek, 
And made Hell grant what love did seek.' 1 

Milton : II Penseroso. 

Page 72. 1. Inde : from Crete, where Hymenaeus had been 
present at the marriage of Iphis and Ianthe, as related at the end 
of the preceding book of the Metamorphoses, velatus : with Hy- 



72. j NOTES 111 

menaeuSj which is subject of digreditur as well as Tendit, Roman 
brides wore a veil of dark yellow or flame color. Hence the god of 
marriage is represented as clad in a robe of similar tint. So Milton 
r L'Allegro ") : 

" There let Hymen oft appear 
In saffron robe, with taper clear." 

2. Ciconum ad oras : i. e. to Thrace, the home of Orpheus. 

3. Orphea voce : translate as if voce Orphcos. Orpheus, so ran 
the tale, wedded the beautiful nymph Eurydice. But at the mar- 
riage the omens were inauspicious ; and soon after the fair bride, 
stung by a serpent, was claimed by death. The bard, frantic at 
the loss, pressed his way down into the Underworld, where with the 
plaintive song of his griefs he charmed the tormented from their 
sufferings, and made even the divinities weep. As a result of his 
pleading, Eurydice was permitted to return to the upper air, but only 
on one condition, — that as the bridegroom led her forth he should 
cast no glance backwards. They had almost reached the upper 
world, when Orpheus could no longer control his feelings, and looked 
back to see if his bride still followed. Thereupon she was suddenly 
drawn back into the Underworld, to be seen no more of her loving 
spouse till death should bring him also thither. 

nequiquam : ' to no purpose,' because Eurydice would be no sooner 
married than taken away by death, vocatur : ' is invoked ' ; ac- 
cording to the ancient custom, with cries such as Hymen, Hy- 
menaee ! Hymen ades, Hymenaee ! (from the Epithalamium of 
Catullus, 62). 

4. ille : Hymenaeus. sollemnia verba : the marriage hymn, with 
the singing of which the bride was escorted from the home of her 
parents to that of her husband. 6. Fax: if the torches in the 
wedding procession (see N. to p. 56, 1. 6) burned brightly, it was 
thought a good omen ; if they but glowed or flickered dimly, it was 
thought to be a sign of future ill. In works of art Hymenaeus is 
represented as bearing a torch. 7. nullos invenit motibus ignes : 
the torch only glowed, and would not burst into flame even when 
waved in the air. Milton has finely expressed the meaning of this 
passage (" Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester ") : 

"The virgin quire for her request 
The god that sits at marriage-feast ; 
He at their invoking came, 
But with a scarce well-lighted flame ; 
And in his garland, as he stood, 
Ye might discern a cypress-bud," 



112 ORPHEUS ET EURYDICE [Page 72. 

8. nupta nova: The nymph Eurydice. 11. Quam: et . . . 
earn, satis ad superas auras : * to the air of heaven/ i. e. to the 
gods of the upper world ; ' enough ' to make sure of their favor in 
his quest to the world below. 12. ne non : for ut, by litotes.- 
13. Styga : put for the whole Underworld. Taenaria porta : a 
cavern on the promontory of Taenarus (now Cape Matapan) at 
the southern end of the Peloponnesus, which was thought to be one 
of the chief entrances to the Underworld. B. 218, 9; A. 429, a; 
H. 476. 

14. leves : as devoid of material body, simulacra functa sepul- 
chro : ' forms that have found a tomb.' Those who had not had proper 
rites of burial, it was said, must wander a hundred years on the banks 
of the Styx before they would be carried across. 16. ad : as accom- 
paniment, * to.' carmina : pi. because carmen may be applied to a 
single verse, nervis : i. e. chordis lyrae. 

17. mundi : ' realm.' 18. quicquid mortale creamur : = ' all of 
us who are created mortal.' 19. licet: licet vera loqui. falsi 
oris: ' of deceptive speech.' 20. loqui: sc. me. 22. Medusaei 
monstri : the three-headed Cerberus (see p. 35) ; called ' Medusean ' 
because descended, through Echidna, from Chrysaor, who was said 
to have sprung from the blood of the Medusa's head when it was cut 
off (see Introductory Note, p. 99). vincirem : refers to the myth 
that Herakles, as the last of his twelve labors (see p. 39), descended 
to the Underworld, and seized and dragged forth Cerberus, whom he 
showed to King Eurystheus, and then took back again. 

23. viae : ' of my journey ' ; sc. est. 24. crescentes annos : 
* the years of bloom,' before life begins to decline. 

Page 73. 25. pati : ' to endure (the loss).' 26. Sup era : with 
ora. 27. An sit hie: sc. notus. Cf. n. to p. 58, 1. 78. et . . . 
esse : i. e. augur or ilium deum hie etiam notum esse. 28. veteris 
rapinae : the carrying away of Proserpina by Pluto. 29. Vos : 
Plutonem et Proserpinam. 31. Eurydices . . . fata :' weave again,' 
i. e. spin backwards and tie again ' (the thread of) Eurydice's des- 
tiny, (too) swiftly spun ' ; referring to the spinning of the three 
Fates. Compare Lowell's lines (" Villa Franca ") : 

"Spin, spin, Clotho, spin! 

Lachesis, twist ! and Atropos, sever ! 
In the shadow, year out, year in, 
The silent headsman waits forever!" 

35. longissima : because everlasting, while all others are short- 
lived. 36. Haecquoque: ' she too,' iustos: ' in proper number,' 



73.] NOTES 113 

the number that she ought to enjoy. 37. Iuris vestri : l under 
your sway.' B. [98, 2; A. 343, b\ H. 447. pro . . . usum : I do 
not ask her as a permanent gift, but only the enjoyment of her pres- 
ence till you shall have rightful claim upon her. 38. certum est 
mihi : l 1 am resolved.' 

40. Talia . . . animae : exsangues animae flebant turn diccntcm 
talia ct moventcm nervos lyrae ad verba. Orpheus belongs to the same 
class of mythical musicians as Arlon, Amphion, and the Pied Piper 
of Hamelin (see Browning's poem). Whatever may have suggested 
these beautiful creations of the imagination, they are a pleasing 
tribute to the power of music. Thus Shakespeare (Henry VIII., 
Act II.) : 

"Orpheus with his lute made trees, 
And the mountain tops, that freeze, 

Bow themselves, when he did sing : 
To his music, plants and flowers 
Ever sprung, as sun and showers 

There had made a lasting spring. 

"Every thing that heard him play, 
Even the billows of the sea, 

Hung their heads, and then lay by. 
In sweet music is such art : 
Killing care and grief of heart 

Fall asleep, or, hearing, die." 

41. Tantalus : see n. to p. 64, 1. 8. 42. stupuit : i. e. stood still 
in amazement. 43. iecur : iecur Tityi. Tityos was a giant whom 
Jupiter cast into Tartarus for insulting Latona; there he was tor- 
tured by having two vultures gnawing at his liver by day, while 
the parts consumed would grow again by night, urnis vacarunt 
Belides: i. e. were suffered to rest. The Danaids (Danaides), 
called by Ovid Belides, from their grandfather Belus, were the fifty 
daughters of Danaus, son of Belus. They were sought in marriage, 
the story ran, by the fifty sons of Aegyptus, Danaus's brother. 
Danaus, having left his native land, Phoenicia, became king of Argos, 
whither he was followed by the eager suitors. Having received in- 
formation from an oracle that they were plotting against him, he 
gave them his daughters indeed, but provided each of the maids 
with a sword, and instructed them to slay their husbands while sleep- 
ing. All save one obeyed, and were punished in the Underworld by 
being obliged to collect water forever in vessels full of holes. 

45. primum : does not imply that the like ever happened again. 
47. oranti : sc. Orphci. qui regit ima : i. e. Pluto. 48. Umbras : 



114 MIDAS [Page 73. 

inter recentes umbras. 50. legem : ' condition. ' 52. Exierit valles : 
B. 175, 2, a; A. 388, b; H. 406. f utura : for futur a esse. 

Page 74. 53. Carpitur : sc. ab eis. trames : to the upper world. 
55. afuerunt : scanned Z_ \j \j _/ , e being made short by systole. 
B. 367, 3 ; H. 733, 6. telluris margine summae : ' from the surface 
of the upper earth.' 56. ne deflceret : i. e. ne Eurydice deficeret. 
58. captans : ' eagerly desiring.' 

61. quid . . . amatam : quid enim quereretur, nisi se amatam 
esse? 62. Vale: treated as a noun in the ace, obj. of dixit. Cf. 
p. 56, 1. 25. 63. Acciperet: why not indie? 

64. Orantem: sc. eum {Or phea). transire : ' to cross (the Styx),' 
in order to enter the Underworld again. 65. Portitor: Charon; 
seep. 35. diebus: B. 231, 1; A. 424, b; H. 417, 2. 66. Squalidus : 
' a-mourning,' 'in mourning.' in ripa: = in ripa Stygis. Cereris 
sine munere : without food. 69. pulsum aquilonibus Haemum : 
the North wind, Boreas, was said to live in a cave on Mt. Haemus. 

7. Metamorphoses, XI. 85-145. 

"Oh Avarice ! than thee a greater plague 
Did ne'er infest the life of wretched man." 

May : The Old Couple. 

Page 75. Heart-broken by the second loss of Eurydice, Or- 
pheus resolved to hold aloof from women altogether and withdrew 
to the wooded heights of his native land. Here he sang so sweetly 
to the accompaniment of his lyre that the very trees gathered round 
him to listen to his songs. A company of women, who were roam- 
ing over the mountains in a Bacchanalian revel, caught sight of 
him, and infuriated by his contempt for their sex tore him to pieces. 
For this outrage Bacchus changed them into trees. 1. hoc : i. e. 
the punishment of the women. 2. cum choro meliore : ' with a 
better band ' of followers than those he had recently transformed. 
sui Timoli : Timolus or Tmolus was a mountain in Lydia, famed 
for its wines, and hence a favorite haunt of Bacchus, god of wine. 
3. Pactolon : the Pactolus, a small river which rises in Mt. Tmolus 
and flows in a northerly direction past Sardis into the Hermus. 
5. Satyri Bacchaeque : in app. with cohors. 

6. Silenus. Silenus (see p. 34), while wandering drunken in 
Phrygia, was brought before King Midas, who, having been in- 
structed in the Bacchic lore by Orpheus, received him kindly, en- 
tertained him for ten days, and then returned him to Bacchus. The 
Wine-god was grateful for the kindness, and offered Midas any gift 



lw. 75.] NOTES 115 

he might ask for. The avaricious king prayed that everything he 

touched might be turned into gold. He soon had reason to repent 
of his rash request, and begged to be released from its consequences. 
He was bidden to go bathe in the head-waters of the Pactolus. He 
obeyed and was freed from the spell of gold ; but the sands of the 
river were golden ever after. 

9. tradiderat : here = docucrat. 10. Qui simul : et simid ac is. 
sacrorum : the Bacchic rites, in which Orpheus had instructed 
Midas and the bard Eumolpus. 12. iunctas : sc. diebus. ordine : 
" in succession.' 

13. coegerat agmen : ' had brought up the rear/ a military ex- 
pression. 14. undecimus : i. e. the morning of the ' eleventh ' day. 
15. iuveni alumno : Bacchus, from the train of whom, while roam- 
ing about in these parts, Silenus had become separated. 16. Huic 
recepto : i. e. dens {Bacchus), gaudens altore (Sileno) recepto, fecit 
huic (Midae) gratum, sed inutile, arbitrium optandi quodvis munus ('any 
gift whatsoever '). inutile: referring to the consequences of Midas's 
choice. 19. vertatur : B. 295, 8; A. 565; H. 565,4. 

20. optatis : i. e. optato. munera solvit : like pecuniam solvit; 
suggests the payment of a debt. 21. petisset : why not petierat? 
22. malo : the gift fraught with ill. Berecyntius heros : Midas, 
called ' Berecyntian ' from his mother Cybele, to whom Mt. Bere- 
cyntus in Phrygia was sacred. 23. Polliciti fidem : ' the fulfilment 
of the promise.' 24. non alta : agreeing with ilice. 

Page 76. 28. Massa : 'a nugget.' 30. Hesperidas donasse 
putes : pates Hesperidas ilia poma ei donavisse. Three golden 
apples were given to Hera, at the time of her marriage to Zeus, by 
Ge. They were said to be guarded in a beautiful garden in the 
far west, by fair maidens called the Hesperides. According to one 
form of the myth the Hesperides were daughters of Atlas, and 
called Atlantides. In protecting the apples they were helped by 
the dragon Ladon who was slain by Hercules, the fate-appointed 
plucker of the golden fruit. Cf. p. 40. The whole story is grace- 
fully set forth in Morris's " Earthly Paradise," under the title 
14 The Apples of the Hesperides." 

32. Vix capit: ' can scarcely contain.' aurea fingens Omnia: 
fingens omnia esse aurea. 33. Gaudenti : sc. illi. 34. tostae frugis : 
ior panis. 35. Cerealia Munera, dona : i. e. bread. 36. rigebant : 
auro rigebant. 39. auctorem muneris : Bacchum, put by metonymy 
for vinum. The ancients drank their wine mingled with water. 

42. quae . . . odit : odit ea, quae modo voverat. 47. specioso : 
referring to the glitter of the gold, eripe : sc. me. 



116 MIDAS [Page 76. 

48. Mite . . . Restituit : Bacchus, mite numen deorum, restituit 
(to his former condition) eum, fatentem se peccavisse (in asking for 
such a gift). 49. pacti fide data: = ' in true fulfilment of his 
promise.' 

50. Neve . . . auro : et ait, " Ne maneas circumlitus auro, male 
optato," etc. 51. amnem : the Pactolus. 52. iugum Phrygiae : 
' the mountain range of Phrygia/ the Tmolus. Our poet makes 
Phrygia cover Lydia as well, labentibus obvius undis : i. e. up the 
river. 54. plurimus : ' with greatest volume. ' 55. simul, simul : 
cf. n. to p. 67, 1. 80. 

Page 77. 56. iussae : cf. p. 54, 1. 105 and n. Vis aurea: ' the 
gold-producing power.' 57. cessit in amnem : the sands of the Pac- 
tolus became golden. 58. semine venae: lit. ' seed of the vein,' 
i. e. source of gold (contained in the vein) ; translate the line freely : 
'Now, too, through the gold-producing power received in ancient 
days.' 59. arva rigent, pallentia, (being yellow) glaebis madidis auro. 



ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION 

NAMES 



OF PROPER 



The system used in the following list to indicate the English pro- 
nunciation is intended to be lucid and consistent, and at the same 
time to present as few points of divergence as possible from the sys- 
tems found in the best dictionaries. The so-called long vowels have 
above them a macron or some mark indicative of quality ; the short 
stressed vowels have no mark at all ; the obscure unstressed vowels 
have a dot under them, thus : 



a as in 


'fate.' 


e as in ' hated.'* 


o as in 


democrat.' 


a " " 


'fat,' 


e " " ' her.' 


g « « < 


use.' 


a " " 


1 idea.'* 


I " " ' pine.' 


u " " 


up.' 


a " " 


1 arm.' 


i " " ' pin.' 


u " " 


singular.'* 


a " " 


1 all.' 


i " " ' unity.'* 


u " " 


circus.'* 


e " " 


'me.' 


o " " 'no.' 


U " " 


rude.' 


e " " 


1 met.' 


o " " ' not.' 


U " " 


f full.' 



The chief stress or accent is indicated by ', the secondary by " ; 
but the secondary stress is not marked when separated from another 
stress by a single intervening unstressed syllable, for in that case one 
naturally puts it in the proper place. 



Agenor, a-je'nor. 
Alphenor, al-fe'nor. 
Ammon, am 'on. 
Amphion, am-fl'on. 
Andromeda, an-drom'e-da. 
Aonia, a-o'ni-a. 
Apollo, a-pol'o. 
Aratus, a-ra/tus. 



Arion, a-rl'on. 

Atlas, at'las. 

A vermis, a-ver'nus. 

Bacchus, bak'us. 
Balearic, bal-e-ar'ik. 
Baucis, ba-sis. 
Belides, bel'i-dez. 



* The obscure unstressed vowels are in effect very much alike, but they differ 
slightly according to the character of the adjoining consonants. They are most cor- 
rectly sounded when one glides over them rapidly and naturally. 

The editor is indebted to Professor George Hempl, of the chair of English Phi- 
lology and General Linguistics, University of Michigan, for kind assistance in pre- 
paring this list. 

117 



118 



P. OVIDIUS NASO 



Berecynthian, ber-e-sin'thi-an. 
Boeotia, be-o'sh(y)a. 
Bootes, bo-o'tez. 

Cadmus, kad'mus. 
Calymne, ka-lim'ne. 
Caria, ka/ri-a. 
Cassiope, ka-si'o-pe. 
Castalia, kas-ta/li-a. 
Cecrops, se'krops. 
Cepheus, se'fus. 
Cephisus, se-fl'sus. 
Ceres, se'rez. 
Chaos, ka/os or kaVos. 
Cicones, sik'o-nez. 
Coeus, se'us. 
Corycium, ko-rish'i-um. 
Cybele, sib'e-le. 
Cyclades, sik'la-dez. 
Cyclops, si'klops. 
Cynthus, sin'thus. 
Cytherea, sith-e-re'a. 

Daedalus, ded'a-lus. 
Damasichthon, dam-a-sik'thon. 
Delos, de'los or de'los. 
Delphi, del'fi. 
Deucalion, dii-ka/li-on. 
Dicte, dik'te. 
Dis, dis. 

Echion, e-ki'on. 
Epimetheus, ep-i-me'the-us. 
Erebus, er'e-bus. 
Ethiopian, e-thi-o'pi-an. 
Eumenides, u-men'i-dez. 
Eumolpus, u-mol'pus. 
Europa, fi-ro'pa. 
Eurydice, u-rid'i-se. 

Haemus, he'mus. 
Helice, hel'i-se. 



Hesperides, hes-per'i-dez. 
Hippotes, hip'o-tez. 
Hymenaeus, him-e-ne'us. 

Icarus, ik'a-rus. 
Ilioneus, i-H'o-nus. 
Inachus, in-ak'us. 
Ismenus, is-me'nus. 
Iuno, ju/no. 
Iuppiter, jti'pi-ter. 
Ixion, ik-si'on. 

Latona, la-to'na. 
Lebinthus, le-bin'thus. 
Lelex, le'lex. 
Lenaeus, le-ne'us. 
Lethe, le'the. 
Liber, li'ber. 
Libya, lib'i-a. 
Lucifer, lu'si-fer. 
Lydia, lid'i-a. 

Maia, ma'(y)a. 
Mars, marz. 
Medusa, me-du'sa. 
Midas, mi' das. 
Minerva, mi-ner'va. 
Minos, mi'nos. 

Naxos, nax'os. 
Nereus, ne'rus. 
Ninus, ni'nus. 
Niobe, ni'o-be. 

Oeta, e'ta. 
Olympus, o-lim'pus. 
Orion, o-rl'on. 
Orpheus, or'fe-us. 

Pactolus, pak-to'lus. 
Pallas, pal'as. 
Panope, pan'o-pe. 



PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMIS 



11!) 



Parcae, piirVCv 
Parnassus, par-nas'us. 
Paros, pa'ros. 
Penates, pe-na'tSz. 
Perseus, per'se-us. 
Phaedimus, fed'i-mus. 
Philemon, fi-l€'mon. 
Phocis, fo'sis. 
Phoebe, fe'be. 
Phoebus, fe'bus. 
Phoenician, fe-nish'i-an. 
Phorcus, for'kus. 
Phrygia, frij'(y)a. 
Pleiades, ple'ya-dez. 
Prometheus, pro-me'the-us. 
Proserpina, pro-ser'pi-na. 
Pyramus, pir'a-mus. 
Pyrrha, pir'a. 

Rhodope, ro'do-pe. 

Samos, sa'mos. 
Sardis, sar'dis. 
Saturnus, sa-ter'nus. 



Semiramis, sc-mir'a-mix. 
Silenus, si-lO'ims. 
Sipylus, sip'i-lus. 
Sisyphus, sis'i-fus. 
Stygian, stij'i-an. 
Styx, stiks. 

Taenarus, te'na-rus. 
Tantalis, tan'ta-lis. 
Tantalus, tan'ta-lus. 
Tartarus, tar'tar-us. 
Thebes, thebz. 
Themis, the 'mis. 
Theseus, the'se-us. 
Thisbe, thiz'be. 
Thymbrios, thim'bri-os. 
Timolus, tim-6'lus. 
Titan, ti'tan. 
Tityos, tit'i-os. 
Triton, tri'ton. 
Tyrian, tir'i-an. 

Venus, ve'nus. 

Zephyrus, zefi-rus. 



READING LATIN VERSE 

Much of the pleasure we derive from poetry comes 
from feeling the rhythmic swing and cadence of the verse, 
when it is read aloud. This is just as true of Latin as 
it is of English poetry. Hence it is important that the 
student should learn to read metrically at his earliest 
opportunity. 

The question at once arises : Is it not possible to 
read Latin poetry readily and naturally just as one does 
the English, when once the particular meter of the verse 
is understood? Theoretically it is, provided one takes 
into account some differences in the two languages con- 
cerning quantity, accent, and elision. But unfortu- 
nately in most schools the time devoted to Latin is not 
sufficient to enable the teacher to train the pupils thor- 
oughly enough to acquire any real ease or even accu- 
racy in the matter of pronunciation. And a faulty pro- 
nunciation is bound to be disastrous in reading Latin 
poetry, — just as disastrous as the ludicrous attempts 
of foreigners to read English poetry, when their pro- 
nunciation is still imperfect. 

Under these circumstances it is generally deemed 
wiser to learn to measure the verse and thus obtain an 
accurate idea of its structure, before proceeding to read 
metrically. This is not a difficult task. It is only 
necessary to master a few rules, and then apply them 
intelligently to the proper division of the Latin verse. 
But first of all let us examine the particular meter that 
is used in the selections found in this book. 

120 



READING LATIN VERSE 



121 



The Dactylic Hexameter 

In this meter each verse is composed of six feet. The 
basic foot is the dactyl (__ww), consisting of one long 
syllable followed by two short ones. A long syllable 
requires twice as much time for pronunciation as a short 
one. Hence the two short syllables in a dactyl may be 
combined into a long one, making a foot of two long 
syllables called a spondee, exactly equivalent in time to 
the dactyl, thus : 

—w, dactyl. 

, spondee. 

The sixth foot is properly a spondee. Its place, how- 
ever, is often taken by a trochee (—^), consisting of a 
long and a short syllable. 

The fifth foot is regularly a dactyl. The first four 
feet may be either dactyls or spondees. Hence the 
scheme of the Dactylic Hexameter is as follows : 



or 
in musical notation, 



NN \ s N !S N IS 

I I I 1 I I I 

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 



I r\ is 





€ 

I I 

# # 



The first syllable of each foot receives a slight accent. 



English Hexameter 



This is the | forest pri | m6val.'|The | murmuring| pines and the | h6mlocks 
Stand like | harpers | h6ar || with | beards that | r£st in their | bosoms. 



122 P. OVIDIUS NASO 



Latin Hexameter 



Iuppiter | alter a I vus. 
pas I si gravi I ora 



Soce I ro quoque I glorior I illo. 
da I bit deus I his quoque I finem. 



I -— ^^ I 

Here note the essential difference between English and Latin 
poetry. 

English poetry is based upon accent. A verse is a succession of 
accented and unaccented syllables, with but little regard to their 
length. 

On the other hand, Latin poetry is based upon quantity. Hence 
a Latin verse is a succession of long and short syllables, with but 
little regard to their accent. 

The Caesura 

In the long lines of Hexameter verse a slight break or 
pause naturally occurs in each line, — usually near the 
middle, and always where a word ends within a foot. 
This is called the caesura. If the pause falls after the 
first accented syllable (as in the first Latin line above 
after avus), it is a ' masculine caesura.' If it falls between 
the two short unaccented syllables of a dactyl (as in the 
second Latin line, after graviora), it is a ' feminine 
caesura.' The feminine caesura is rare in Latin. Com- 
pare the caesuras in the English examples. 

Elision and Ecthlipsis 

In English the final vowel of a word is often omitted 
or slurred, when the next word begins with a vowel or 
h, as in 'th' eternal ages.' A similar elision occurs reg- 
ularly in Latin verse. As, Vox subit<j> audiUji est. 

But the Latin, going one step further, slurs a final 



READING LATIN VERSE 123 

syllable ending in -m (-am, -em, -ini, -urn), when the next 
word begins with a vowel or // ; as : quant(um) erat. 
lieu quant(um) haec. This is ecthlipsis. 

Quantity of Vowels 

A vowel is long or short according to the time required 
for its pronunciation. 1 

i. A vowel is long before ;// or ns, as : confer; mensa. 

2. A vowel is short, — (a) before another vowel or h, as: via; 

vehit. 
(b) before nt or nd, as: sunt; mandat. 

3. Diphthongs are long, as : poenae. 

Quantity of Syllables 

1. A syllable is long, — (a) if it contains a long vowel or a diph- 
thong, as : a-rae? 
(b) if it contains a short vowel followed 
by two consonants, or x or z (double 
consonants), as: sal-tat; sax-um, 
gaz-a. 
Exc. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by a mute 
with / or r is common, i.e. it may be either long or short, as : pat-ris. 



<s 



Quantity of Final Vowels 

Final -a, -e, -y are short ; -t, -0, -u, long. 

Exc. Final -a is long, — (a) in the Abl. Sing, of the First Decl., 

as : mora, 
(b) in the Imperative, as : para. 

1 In most of the prose Latin that is read in schools, long vowels are 
marked with a dash ( — ) ; short vowels are unmarked, as : jama. The 
practice varies in poetry. As a rule, in this book, long vowels are 
marked only in the Vocabulary. 

2 Syllables are marked as long (-) or short (vy) below the line. Long 
vowels are marked (-) above. 



124 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

Final -e is long, — (a) in the Abl. Sing, of the Fifth Decl., as : 
die. 

(b) in the Imperative of the Second Conj., 

as : habe. 

(c) in Monosyllables, as: e, me, ne 
Final -i is short in nisi and quasi. 

Final -i is common in mihl, tibi, sibl, ibl, and ubi. 

Quantity of Final Syllables 

i. Final -as, -es, -os are long; -is, -us, -ys, short. 
Exc. Final -es is short in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of Third 
Decl. nouns and adjectives which increase in the Gen., as: 
ml-les; di-ves. 

Final -is is long, — (a) in Plurals, as sil-vls. 

(Jb) in the Second Sing, of the Pres. Indie. 

Act. of the Fourth Conj., as: au-dls. 

Final -us is long, — (a) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of 

Third Decl. Nouns which increase 
in the Gen., as: vir-tus. 
(b) in the Gen. Sing., and in the Plural 
cases of the Fourth Decl., as: 
ma-nus. 
2. Final syllables ending in any single consonant — other than 
s or c — are short, as : ti-met; car -men. 

Measuring Latin Verse 
After mastering the above rules, we may proceed to 
apply them in measuring Hexameter verse. Let us 
begin with the first line of the first selection. Cadmus : 

Iamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri 

First of all, examine the line to see if it contains any 
syllables to be set aside by elision or ecthlipsis. We 
find none. 

The first syllable of the line (lam-) is long, because it 
contains a vowel followed by two consonants ; the sec- 



READING LATIN VERSE 125 

ond (-que) is short, because final -c is short ; the third 
(do-) is short, because the vowel is followed by another 
vowel. These syllables therefore constitute a dactyl, 
and are marked off thus : 

Iamque de-l 

The first syllable of the second foot (-us) is long, be- 
cause its vowel is followed by two consonants. There 
is no positive rule for the length of either of the next 
two syllables. But here you can fall back on your 
knowledge of the parts of the verb pono, whose perfect 
participle you have always pronounced positus (not post- 
tus). If then the syllable -si- is short, the preceding sylla- 
ble must also be short, making the second foot a dactyl : 

■us posi-l 
_£. wl 

The next syllable (-ta) is long, because positd is Fern. 

Abl. Sing, to agree with imagine. The syllable (fal-) is 

long, because its vowel is followed by two consonants. 

Hence the third foot is a spondee : 

l-ta fal-l 
I /_ 

The second syllable in the fourth foot (-cis) is short 
by the rule for final syllables in -is } and this indicates 
that the foot is a dactyl : 

l-lacis i-l 

(Note. In dividing into syllables, if there is but one consonant be- 
tween two vowels, the consonant goes with the following vowel. Hence 
-m- in imagine goes with the following vowel -a.) 

The fifth foot should be a dactyl, and accordingly you 
mark off the next three syllables, thus : 

|-magine| 



126 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

The next syllable (tau-) is a diphthong, and there- 
fore long. The last syllable (-ri) is long by the rule for 
final -i. Thus the sixth foot is a spondee : 

I tauri I 
XjL _l 

It only remains to fix the caesura. There are two possi- 
ble places for it, one after deus, and the other after posita. 
But posita goes naturally with imagine, with which it 
agrees. Hence the caesura is placed after deus, and 
the line — completely measured — appears as follows : 
Iamque de I us II posi I ta fal I lacis i I magine I tauri 

/- \J \J I -^. II \J\J I _£. I Z-\J\J I — KJ \J I /- 

In measuring, do not hesitate to apply all that you have 
observed about the length of vowels in your study of gram- 
matical paradigms and in your reading of prose Latin. 

Once in a while you may not be sure of the quantity 
of several successive syllables in the forepart of the verse. 
In that case, leave them for the time being, and measure 
the latter part. The length of the uncertain syllables 
may often be determined by working back to them. 

A little practice will soon enable you to measure with 
speed and accuracy. Be on the watch for verses con- 
taining elision and ecthlipsis. A good example of elision 
is found in Cadmus, 96. 

Vox subi I t(o) audi I t(a) est ; II nequ(e) e I rat cog I noscere I 

S- \j\j I /- I /- \ \j w' — \ /- \j \j ^ 

promptum 

Ecthlipsis is not so frequent, and therefore more 
likely to escape the notice of the beginner. The first 
example of it is in Cadmus, 90. 

Donee A I genori I des II con I iect(um) in I gutture I ferrum 



READING LATIN VERSE 127 

Metrical Reading 

After acquiring facility in measuring Latin verse, one 
should begin to read it aloud metrically. 

Commence by repeatedly reading the lines you have 
measured, taking care to give the long and short sylla- 
bles their exact time. Each of the six feet should be 
pronounced in the same time, which is best kept by 
tapping on wood with a pencil. Allow a slight pause 
for the caesura. 

Now try reading a verse that you have not measured 
beforehand. This is not as difficult as it seems, if you 
observe three points : 

i . The fifth and sixth feet are pronounced as they are 
in prose. When, therefore, you have reached the fourth 
foot, the rest presents no difficulty. 

2. The second syllable in each foot determines whether 
it is a dactyl or a spondee. If it is short, the foot is a 
dactyl ; if long, it is a spondee. 

3. If the quantity of the second syllable is not readily 
seen, the third syllable may determine whether the foot 
is a dactyl or a spondee. If it is short, it is a dactyl. 
If it is long, then the preceding syllable must be long, 
making the foot a spondee. 

From the 2d and 3d points it follows that (not the 
first) but the second and third syllables are the crucial 
syllables in each foot. 

For example, take the second line in Cadmus : 

Se confessus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat 

The second syllable, con-, is long (vowel before two 
consonants). The foot is, therefore, a spondee. While 



128 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

pronouncing it, look ahead to the second syllable of the 
next foot. It is short (final -us). Therefore -fessus e 

is a dactyl, and -rat is the first syllable of the third 
foot. The following second syllable {Die-) is long 
(vowel before two consonants). Hence -rat Die- is the 
third foot. The third syllable {-que) of the next foot 
is short (final -e) ; therefore -taeaque is a dactyl. The 

fifth and sixth feet must be rura te I nebat I . 



Judging by the sense of the line, the caesura will 
follow erat. Thus the whole verse reads : 



Se con 1 fessus e | rat 


1 Die 


taeaque 1 rura te 1 nebat 1 


Z. - U vvl £ 


1 


Z. V v 1 Z. W 1 — \J 1 



In the next line the crucial syllables are the third, -er 
(short), and the sixth, -us (long), and the line reads: 

I Cum pater I igna I rus II Cad I mo per I quirere I raptam I 

As the placing of the caesuras depends upon a natural 
pause in the sense, it is obvious that no attempt should 
be made to read metrically before translating the passage. 

Word Accent and Foot Accent 

Doubtless you have already observed that in the first 
four feet the word accent often does not coincide with 
the foot accent. How then is the verse to be read? 
Not — as is all too frequently done — by ignoring the 
word accent in favor of the foot accent. This is as im- 
possible in Latin as it would be in English. Imagine, 
for example, the effect upon an audience, if the follow- 



READING LATIN VERSE lL } <) 

ing line is read with the accents as indicated by the 
dots below the line instead of those above ! 

• • • • • • 

Speaks, and in accents disconsolate answers the wail of the forest. 
• • • • • • 

In Latin both accents should be retained. This was 
natural enough for the Romans, as the word accent 
with them was very slight. (Compare the modern 
French accent with the English.) It is even found 
in some forms of English poetry. 

Doubled Consonants (//-, pp-, U-, etc.) 

Be especially careful to sound both consonants in such 
words as bel-lum, where the tendency is to pronounce 
the word as though it were spelled bel-um. Failure to 
observe this will wreck the rhythm of the line. 

Expression 

At first your mind will be wholly taken up with the 
effort to make your way successfully through the verses. 
But as soon as you can do this with ease, make it your 
ambition to read the Latin with as much expression as 
you do English poetry. Modulate your voice. Phrase 
the words. Observe the punctuation, and do not let 
your voice fall at the end of a verse, unless the sense 
warrants it. 

Ovid's Poetry 

Ovid was a born poet. He himself tells us that, as a 
boy, " his words ran into metre, and whatever he tried 
to write became verse. " (See Introduction, pp. 1-2.) 
His verses move smoothly and naturally with very few 



130 P. OVIDIUS NASO 

" Figures of Prosody." The student, therefore, who 
begins Latin poetry with the study of Ovid, is to be con- 
gratulated. Learning to read Ovid's " flowing verse " 
will prove to be an excellent preparation for the more 
difficult — though more stately — measures of Vergil. 



VOCABULARY 



ABBREVIATIONS 



a. 


= active. 






inch. 


= inchoative. 


abl. 


= ablative. 






indecl. 


= indeclinable 


abs. 


= absolute. 






indef. 


= indefinite. 


ace. 


= accusative. 






indie. 


= indicative. 


adj. 


= adjective. 






inf. 


= infinitive. 


adv. 


= adverb, adverbial. 




inter j. 


= interjection. 


c. 


= common (gender). 




intr. 


= intransitive. 


causat. 


= causative. 






irr. 


= irregular. 


chap. 


= chapter. 






lit. 


= literally. 


comp. 


— comparative. 






m. 


= masculine. 


conj. 


= conjunction. 






MSS. 


= manuscripts 


dat. 


= dative. 






n.,neut 


. = neuter. 


decl. 


= declension. 






nom. 


= nominative. 


def. 


= defective. 






num. 


= numeral. 


dem. 


= demonstrative. 






p., pp. 


= page, pages. 


dep. 


(in vocabulary) = 


deponent. 


part. 


= participle. 


dim. 


= diminutive. 






pass. 


= passive. 


e. g. 


— exempli gral 


id 


= for 


patr. 


= patronymic. 




example. 






pers. 


= person. 


Eng. 


= English. 






pf. 


= perfect. 


et al. 


= et alibi = and elsewhere. 


pi. 


= plural. 


et seq. 


= et scquentia = 


and what 


plup. 


= pluperfect. 




follows. 






pos. 


= positive. 


etc. 


= et cetera = ana 


I so 


forth. 


pred. 


= predicate. 


excl. 


— exclamation. 






prep. 


= preposition. 


f. 


= feminine. 






pres. 


= present. 


freq. 


= frequentative. 






pron. 


= pronoun. 


fut. 


= future. 






reflex. 


= reflexive. 


gen. 


= genitive. 






rel. 


= relative. 


ibid. 


= ibidem = in 


the 


same 


sing. 


= singular. 




place. 






subj. 


= subjunctive. 


id. 


= idem = the same. 




subst. 


= substantive. 


i. e. 


= id est = that is 






sup. 


= superlative. 


imp. 


= imperative. 






trans. 


= transitive. 


impers. 


= impersonal, 


imperson- 


v. 


= verb. 




ally. 






voc. 


= vocative. 


impf. 


= imperfect. 











VOCABULARY 



a, ab, prep, with abl., from, away 
from, out of; of place or direc- 
tion, at, on, in, from, ab utraque 
parte, on both sides; of time, 
after, from, since; of agency, 
by, as ab illo, by him. 

Abantiades, -ae, patr., m., son 
of Abas, descendant of Abas; 
Perseus, so named because he 
was the son of Danae, grand- 
daughter of Abas. 

abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ab + 
do], put away; hide. 

abeo, -ire, -ii, abiturus, [ab + eo], 
go away, go forth, depart. 

abluo, -luere, -lui, -lutus, [ab + 
luo], wash away, wash of, cleanse, 
wash. 

abstuli, see aufero. 

absum, abesse, afui, afuturus, 
[ab + sum], be away, be distant; 
be wanting, be lacking. 

ac, see atque. 

accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus, 
[ad -f- cedo], move towards; be 
added. 

accingo, -cingere, -cinxi, accinc- 
tus, [ad + cingo], gird to, gird 
on, bind on; arm. 

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
[ad -f- capio], take to one's self, 
receive, accept; hear, learn. 

acclivis, -e, or acclivus, -a, -urn, 



[ad + clivus], adj., up hill, as- 
cending, steep. 

accommodo, -are, -avi, -atus, 
[ad + commodo], fit, adjust. 

acies, -el, f., sharp point; edge; 
of a weapon, point, edge. 

acumen, -inis, [acuo], n., point. 

ad, prep, with ace, to, towards, 
up to; of place, in the vicinity of, 
near to; of purpose, for, in order 
to, for the purpose of; of result, 
according to, at, on. ad ci- 
tharam, in accompaniment to 
the cithara. ad hanc legem, on 
this condition, ad nomen, at 
the name, on hearing the name. 
ad lunae radios, in the moon- 
light, by the light of the moon. 

addo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [ad + 
do], add to, join to; add. 

adeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus, [ad + 
eo], go to, come to, approach. 

adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatus, 
[ad + feroj. bring to, carry to. 

adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [ad + 
facio], treat, use; befall, afflict. 

adflo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + fid], 
blow on, breathe upon. 

adhaereo, -haerere, , , 

[ad + haereo], cling to, adhere 
to. vincto in corpore adhaerent, 
they cling to the fettered form. 

adhuc, [ad -f hue], adv., until now, 
hitherto, up to this time, as yet; 
still, yet. 



ADICIO 



AGNOSCO 



adicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [ad 

iacio], throw to; join, add. 
adigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [ad + 

ago], drive to; drive home, plunge, 

thrust. 
adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 

[ad + emo], take away; remove. 
adlevo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 

levo], raise, lift. 
adligo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 

ligo], bind up; bind, fasten, 

attach. 
admitto, -mitt ere, -misi, admissus, 

[ad + mitto], send to, let go, 

give loose reins to; rush at full 

speed, equus admissus, a horse 

at full speed. 
admonitor, -oris, [admoneo], m., 

reminder, ad mortis her, instigator. 
admoveo, -movere, -movi, ad- 

motus, [ad + moveo], move to; 

apply. 
adoperio, -perire, -perui, adoper- 

tus, [ad + operio], cover. 
adoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 

oro], supplicate; worship, adore. 
adsiduus, -a, -urn, [adsideo], adj., 

continual, constant, unceasing. 
adsuesco, -escere, -evi, -etus, 

[ad + suesco], accustom to. ad- 

suetus, accustomed, wonted, usual. 
adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus, 

[ad + sum], be near, be close 

at hand, be present, appear. 
aduro, -urere, -ussi, -ustus, [ad 

+ uro], set on fire; burn. 
adventus, -us, [advenio], m., ar- 
rival, approach. 
adverto, -tere, -ti, -sus, [ad + 

verto], turn to, turn towards, 

direct to, direct. 



advolo, -ars, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
volo], fly to, rush to. 

aequor, -oris, [aequus], n., level 
surface; surface of the sea, hence 
sea, ocean, still water. 

aequum, -i, [aequus], n., justice, 
equity, ex aequo, on an equality, 
equally, mutually. 

aer, aeris, ace, aera, m., air; 
lower sky. 

aestuo, -are, -avi, -atus, [aestus], 
be agitated; of fire, be hot, glow, 
burn violently; of human emo- 
tions, be excited, burn. 

aeternus, -a, -um, [for aeviternus, 
from aevum], adj., everlasting, 
eternal. 

aether, -eris, m., upper air, heavens, 
ether; sometimes for aer, air. 

aetherius, -a, -um, [aether], adj., 
ethereal, heavenly, celestial. 

Aethiops, -opis, m., Ethiopian, 
native of Ethiopia, a country 
in Africa. 

Agenor, -noris, m., Agenor, king 
of Phoenicia, brother of Belus, 
father of Cadmus and Europa. 
Agenore natus, Cadmus. 

Agenorides, -ae, [Agenor], patr., 
m., son of Agenor, descendant of 
Agenor; applied (i) to Cadmus, 
Agenor's son ; (2) to Perseus, a 
descendant of Belus, Agenor's 
twin brother. 

ager, agri, m., land, field; terri- 
tory, district. 

agmen, -minis, [ago], n., army on the 
march, line of march, line, column. 

agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitus, 
[ad + gnosco], distinguish; recog- 
nize, identify. 



AGO 



AMOR 



ago, agere, egi. actus, drive, laid, 
take; direct conduct; do, Oct, trans- 
act, perform; give, agere iter, to 
take a course. 

aio, dcf., say yes, affirm; say, speak, 
tell, relate. 

ala, -ae, f., wing, pinion; of 
cavalry, division. 

albidus, -a, -um, [albus, white], 
adj., whitish, white. 

ales, alitis, [ala], as adj., winged; 
swift. As subst., ales, alitis, m. 
and f., bird, ales Iovis, eagle. 

alimenta, -drum, [alo], n., nourish- 
ment; food, provision. 

alipes, -pedis, [ala + pes] , adj., 
wing-footed. As subst., Alipes, 
-pedis, he of the winged feet, 
i. e. the god Mercury. 

aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, [alius, quis], 
indef. pron., some one, any one, 
some, any. Xeut., aliquid as 
subst., something, anything. 

aliter, [alius], adv., otherwise. 

alius, -a, -ud, gen. alius, dat. alii, 
adj., another, some other, other, 
different, else, alius . . . alius, one 
... one, one . . . another; pi. 
alii . . . alii, some . . . others; 
often as subst., another, others. 

Alphendr, -noris, m., Alphenor, 
one of the seven sons of Xiobe 
and Amphlon. 

alte, [altus], adv., on high; deeply, 
profoundly. 

alter, -era, -erum, gen. alterius, 
dat. alteri, adj., one of two, the 
one, the other, another; second. 
alter . . . alter, the one . . . the 
other, the former . . . the latter. 

altor, -toris, [alo], m., nourisher; 



foster-father, gaudens altore re- 
cepto, rejoicing to receive his 
foster-father again. 

altum, -i, [altus], n., height, heaven; 
depth, the deep, the sea. ab 
alto, from on high, from above; 
in altum, on high; in alto, on 
the deep. 

altus, -a, -um, [alo], adj., high, 
lofty, tall; towering; deep, pro- 
found. 

alumnus, -i, [alo], m., foster-son, 
ward. 

amans, -antis, [amo], adj., loving; 
kind, affectionate. As subst., 
amans, -antis, m. and f., lover. 

ambages, -is, usually in pi., 
[ambi-, ago], f., a going around, 
winding, digression, evasion. 

ambo, -ae, -6, ace. ambo or ambos, 
num. adj., both. 

amictus, -us, [amicio, wrap 
around], m., garment, mantle, 
veil. 

amicus, -a, -um, [amo], adj., lov- 
ing, friendly. 

Amnion, -dnis, m., Amnion, 
Jupiter Ammon, an Egyptian 
divinity, to whom a famous oracle 
on the oasis Ammonium (now 
Siwah), in the Libyan desert, 
was sacred; identified by the 
Greeks with Zeus, and by the 
Romans with Iuppiter. 

amnis, -is, m., river, stream; tor- 
rent. 

amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love. 

amor, -oris, [amo], m., love, affec- 
tion; loved one; personified, 
Amor, -oris, God of Love, A mor, 
Cupid. 



AMPHION 



6 



ARCUS 



Amphion, -onis, m., Amphion, 
son of Jupiter and Antiope ; 
king of Thebes, husband of 
Niobe. 

amplector, -plecti, -plexus, [ambi- 
+ plecto], twine around, encircle, 
embrace. 

amplexus, -us, [amplector], m., 
an encircling; coil, fold. 

an, conj., or, or rather, or indeed; 
in expressions of doubt, whether. 

Andromeda, -ae, f., Andromeda, 
daughter of the Ethiopian king 
Cepheus and Cassiope ; con- 
demned to destruction by a sea- 
monster, but rescued and wedded 
by Perseus. 

angelus, -I, m., angel. 

anguifer, -era, -erum, [anguis + 
fero], adj., serpent-bearing. 

anguis, -is, m. and f., serpent, 
snake, dragon. 

anhelitus, -us, [anhelo], m., breath- 
ing, breath, whisper. 

anima, -ae, f., breath, life, soul; 
especially in pi., soul, souls of the 
dead, shades, departed spirits. 

animosus, -a, -um, [animus], adj., 
full of courage, spirited; proud. 

animus, -I, m., soul, life; intellect, 
mind, feeling; heart; courage. 

annuo, -ere, -ui, , [ad + nuo, 

nod], nod approval; give assent 
to. 

annus, -I, m., year; pi., times, age. 

ante, adv. and prep., before: 

(i) As adv., of space, before, 
in front, ahead; of time, be- 
fore, previously, ante . . . quam, 
sooner . . . than, before. 

(2) As prep., with ace, of 



space and time, before, previous 
to; in comparisons, before, in 
comparison with, superior to. 

antrum, -1, n., cave, grotto, cavern. 

aper, apri, m., wild boar. 

Apollo, -inis, m., Apollo. 

appareo, -ere, -ui, , [ad + 

pareo], appear, become visible. 

appello, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad + 
pello], address, accost, speak to. 

apto, -are, -avi, -atus, [aptus], 
adjust, fit. 

aptus, -a, -um, adj., fitted, adapted, 
suited; appropriate. 

apud, prep, with ace, at, with, 
near, by, among, in. 

aqua, -ae, f., water; the sea, a 
stream. 

aquilo, -onis, the north wind; 
personified, north-wind, Greek 
Boreas; pi. northern blasts. 

ara, arae, f., altar. 

arator, -oris, [aro], m., plowman; 
husbandman, farmer. 

aratrum, -1, [aro], n., plow. 

arbitrium, -1, [arbiter], n., judg- 
ment; choice. 

arbor or arbos, arboris, f., tree. 

arboreiis, -a, -um, [arbor], adj., 
of a tree. 

arceo, -ere, -ui, — — , keep away, 
hold off; drive away, hinder, 
prevent. 

Arcitenens, -entis, [arcus + 
teneo], adj., bow-bearing. As 
subst., Arcitenens, -entis, the 
Bow-bearer, the god Apollo. 

Arctos, -1, ace. Arcton, f., Great 
Bear, a constellation near the 
north pole. 

arcus, -us, m., bow; of a serpent, 



ARDEO 



AUGUROR 



in pi., folds i coils, curves; of a 
structure or cavern, arch, vault. 
ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus, be on 
fire; burn with love ; glow. 

arduus, -a, -um, adj., sleep, high, 

on high, lofty, tall ; hard, difficult. 
arens, -entis, [areo], adj., dry, 

parched. 
argumentum, -i, [arguo], n., evi- 
dence, proof, animi laeti argu- 

menta, indications of a glad 

heart. 
aridus, -a, -tun, [areo], adj., dry; 

burning. 
arista, -ae, f., head of grain, ear 

of grain. 
anna, -drum, n. pi., armor, outfit; 

arms, weapons. 
annus, -I, m., shoulder, of animals ; 

flank. 
anipio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptus, 

[ad -f rapid], snatch to one's 

self, grasp, seize. 
ars, artis, f., skill, art; science, 

knowledge. 
artus, -a, -um, [arceo], adj., dense, 

close. 
artus, -uum, m., pi., joints, limbs; 

body. 
arvum, -I, [arvus], n., plowed land, 

plowland; field; in pi. often 

plains, regions, country. 
arx, arcis, f., citadel, stronghold. 
aspergo, -inis, [ad -f spargo], f., 

sprinkling; spray. 
aspicio, -ere, -exi, -ectus, [ad + 

specio], look at, behold, observe; 

examine; see. 
at, conj., but, but on the other hand, 

but yet; yet, nevertheless, however, 

at least; but on the contrary. 



ater, atra, atrum, adj., black, dark, 
gloomy. 

Atlas, -antis, m., (i) Atlas, son of the 
Titan Iapetus, and king of Maurc- 
tania, in northern Africa. Accord- 
ing to Ovid, he refused hospitality 
to Perseus, and was metamor- 
phosed into a mountain ; hence 
(2) Atlas, a high mountain in the 
northwestern part of the continent 
of Africa. 

atque, or ac, conj., and also, and 
even, and; comparative, as, than. 
simul ac, as soon as. 

atrium, -1, n., hearth-room ; reception 
room, forecourt, hall. 

attollo, -ere, , , [ad+ tollo], 

lift up, raise. 

attonitus, -a, -um, [ad + tono], 
adj., astounded; frenzied, palsied. 
tenore attonitus, struck with 
terror. 

auctor, -oris, m. and f., creator, 
originator, producer; father, pro- 
genitor ; founder ; counselor, direc- 
tor, adviser. 

audax, -acis, [audeo], adj., cour- 
ageous, bold, daring; presump- 
tuous, rash, reckless. 

audeo, -dere, ausus sum, semi- 
dep., venture, dare. 

audio, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itus, hear, 
hear of; heed, obey. Neut. part, 
as subst., auditum, -i, that which 
has been heard, audita, -orum, 
what has been heard. 

aufero, aufene, abstuli, ablatus, 
[ab + fero], take away, snatch 
away. 

auguror, -ari, -atus, [augur], sur- 
mise, imagine, suppose. 



AULAEUM 



8 



BELLUM 



aulaeum, -I, n., tapestry; of a 
theater, curtain. 

aura, -ae, f., air in motion, breath 
of air } breeze; breath of life, 
vital air; the upper air, heavens. 

aureus, -a, -um, [aurum], adj., of 
gold, golden; gilded, gold-gleam- 
ing; beautiful, magnificent, vis 
aurea, gold- producing power. 

auris, -is, f., ear. 

aurora, -ae, f., morning, daybreak, 
dawn. 

aurum, -1, n., gold; golden color. 

auspicium, -1, [auspex], n., div- 
ination from the flight of birds, 
augury from birds, auspices; 
sign, omen. 

aut, conj., or; or at least, or else, 
or rather, aut . . . aut, either . . . 
or. 

autem, conj., but, however, moreover, 
now. 

auxilium, -I, n., help, aid, support; 
assistance, relief. 

avaritia, -ae, [avarus], f., greed, 
avarice. 

avena, -ae, f., oat, straw, reed, such 
as might be used for a shepherd's 
pipe ; shepherd'' s pipe. 

Avernus, -a, -um, [a-ornos, without 
birds, because birds could not 
fly over Lake Avernus on ac- 
count of its exhalations], adj., 
Avernian, of lake Avernus, a small 
lake on the west side of Italy 
near Cumae, famous as a sup- 
posed entrance to the Under- 
world; hence, of the Under- 
world, of the Lower World. 

averto, -tere, -ti, -sus, [a + verto], 
turn away, turn aside; avert. 



avidus, -a, -um, [aveo], adj., de- 
sirous, eager, greedy. 

avis, -is, f., bird. 

avitus, -a, -um, [avus], adj., of a 
grandfather; hence ancestral. 

avus, -I, m., grandfather; fore- 
father, ancestor. 

axis, -is, m., axle of a chariot or 
wagon, axle-tree; sometimes in 
pi., chariot; of the earth or 
heavens, axis of revolution, hence 
axis of the heavens, pole, heavens. 

B 

Babyldnius, -a, -um, [Babylon], 

adj., of Babylon, Babylonian. 

Baccha, -ae, [Bacchus], f., 
Bacchante, female worshiper of 
Bacchus. 

Bacchus, -I, m., Bacchus, also 
called Dionysos; son of Jupiter 
and Semele, foster-son of Silenus, 
and god of wine and intoxication. 

baculum, -I, n., staff, walking- 
stick, stick, cane. 

Baliaricus, -a, -um, [Baliares], adj., 
Balearic, of the Baleares, natives 
of the Balearic islands, east of 
Spain, famous as slingers. 

beatus, -a, -um, [beo, make happy], 
adj., happy, blessed, prosperous, 
fortunate. 

Belides, -um, pi., f., female de- 
scendants of Belus, king of Egypt, 
father of Danaus and Aegyptus ; 
Belides; applied to the fifty 
daughters of Danaus, Danaids. 

bellicus, -a, -um, [bellum], adj., 
warlike, fierce in war, devoted to 
war. 

bellum, -I, n., war, feud. 



BELUA 



9 



CALLIDUS 



belua, -ae, f., beast y monster. 
bene, comp. melius, sup. optime, 
[bonus], adv., well; successfully; 

e are fully. 

Berecyntius, -a, -um, adj., of Ml. 
Berccyntus, in Phrygia, which 
was sacred to Cybele ; of Cybele. 
Berecyntius heros, Midas, son 
of Cybele, and king of 
Phrygia. 

bibulus, -a, -um, [bibo], adj., 
thirsty, absorbent; moist. 

bis, [for duis, cf. duo], num. adv., 
twice. 

blanditia, -ae, [blandus], f., a 
caressing; pi., fond words, loving 
words, blandishments, endear- 
ments. 

Boeotius, -a, -um, [Boeotia], adj., 
Boeotian, of Boeotia. 

bonus, -a, -um, comp. melior, 
sup. optimus, adj., good. Neut. 
as subst., bonum, -i, n., good 
thing, advantage, blessing, pros- 
perity; pi., goods, property. 

Bootes, -ae, voc. Boote, m., 
Bootes, Ox-driver, a constellation 
near the Great Bear, identical 
with Arctophylax. 

bos, bovis, m. and f., ox, bull, cow; 
pi., cattle. 

bracchium, -I, n., fore-arm, arm. 

brevis, -e, adj., short, narrow; 
of time, short, brief. 

bustum, -I, [cf. comburo], n., 
funeral pyre; mound, tomb. 

buxum, -i, [buxus], n., box-wood. 



cacumen, -inis, n., top, peak, 
summit. 



Cadmeis, -idis, ace. ida, [Cad- 
mus], adj., of Cadmus; as Cad- 
mus founded Thebes, of Thebes, 
Theban. 

Cadmus, -I, m., Cadmus, son of 
the Phoenician king Agenor, and 
builder of the Cadmea, the 
citadel of Thebes in Boeotia; 
mythical founder of Thebes. 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casurus, fall, 
fall down, drop; fall prostrate, 
fall dead, die, be slain; 
perish. 

caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind; 
not seen, invisible, hidden. 

caedes, -is, [caedo], f., slaughter, 
killing, destruction, death, mur- 
der; bloodshed, blood. 

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesus, 
cut, slay. 

caelestis, -e, [caelum], adj., of 
heaven, divine. As subst., m. pi., 
caelestes, -ium, heaven-dwellers, 
gods of heaven. 

caelum, I, n., sky, heaven, heavens; 
air. 

caeruleus, -a, -um, [for caeluleus, 
from caelum], adj., sky blue, 
azure, dark blue, steel-colored; 
dark green, greenish; dark. 

caespes, -itis, [caedo],* m., turf, 
cut sod. 

calco, -are, -avi, -atus, [calx, heel], 
tread upon, trample. 

calidus, -a, -um, [caleo], adj., 
warm, hot. 

caligo, -inis, f., mist, fog; darkness, 
gloom. 

callidus, -a, -um, [calleo], adj., 
skillful, clever; crafty, cunning, 
sly, artful, shrewd. 



CALYMNE 



10 



CEPHENUS 



Calymne, -es, f., Calymne, an 
island belonging to the group 
called Sporades, west of Caria 
in Asia Minor. It lies northwest 
of Rhodes, between the islands 
of Cos and Leros. 

campus, -I, m., plain, field; open 
space, expanse. 

canis, -is, m. and f., dog. 

cantus, -us, [cano], m., song, 
music. 

capillus, -l, m., hair of the head; 
pi., hair, locks. 

capio, capere, cepi, captus, take, 
lay hold of, seize, grasp; captivate, 
fascinate; receive; take in, com- 
prehend, grasp. 

capto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
capio], snatch at, seek to catch; 
long for, listen eagerly for. 

caput, -itis, n., head. 

carbasus, -I, f., pi. carbasa, -orum, 
n., fine linen; sail, canvas. 

career, -eris, m., prison, dun- 
geon. 

cardo, -inis, m., hinge, pivot of a 
door, versato cardine, opening 
the door. 

careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be without, 
be deprived of, lack, want; fol- 
lowed by abl. 

carmen, -inis, n., song; poem, 
verse. 

carpo, -ere, -si, -tus, pluck; tear 
away; eat; pass over, traverse, 
take, walk, fly through. 

cams, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious, 
beloved. 

Cassiope, -es, f., Cassiope, or 
Cassiopeia, wife of Cepheus and 
mother of Andromeda. 



Castalia, -ae, f., Castalia, a cele- 
brated spring at Delphi, on the 
southern slope of Mt. Parnassus, 
sacred to Apollo and the Muses. 

Castalius, -a, -um, [Castalia], adj., 
of Castalia, the famous spring at 
Delphi; Castalian. 

casus, -us, [cado], m., a happening, 
accident; destruction; mishap, 
misfortune, calamity. 

catena, -ae, f., usually in pi., 
chain, fetter. 

cauda, -ae, f., tail. 

causa, -ae, f., cause, reason; 
motive. 

cautes, -is, f., jagged rock, crag, 
cliff. 

cavus, -a, -um, adj., hollow. 

Cecropius, -a, -um, [Cecrops], 
adj., Cecropian, of Cecrops, the 
first king of Attica, according to 
report, and founder of the citadel 
at Athens; hence, of Attica, of 
Athens, Attic, Athenian. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessurus, go 
away, retire, retreat, recede; yield; 
be inferior to. 

celeber, -ebris, -ebre, adj., 
crowded, thronged about with; 
hence honored by the presence of 
many. 

celer, eel eris, celere, adj., quick, 
swift. 

celo, -are, -avi, -atus, hide, con- 
ceal, cover. 

celsus, -a, -um, [-cello, rise], adj., 
lofty, high, towering. 

Cephenus, -a, -um, [Cepheus], 
adj., of the Cephenes, the people 
of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia; 
Ethiopian. 



CEPHEUS 



11 



CLAMO 



Cepheus, -el, ace. Cephea, m., 
Cepheus, a son of Belus and 

king of Ethiopia; husband of 
Cassiope, and father of Androm- 
eda. 

Cepheus, -a, -um, [Cepheus], 
adj., of Cepheus, king of Ethio- 
pia; Ethiopian. 

Cephisus, -I, m., Cephisus or Cephis- 
sus, a river in Phocis and Boeotia, 
which rises on the northern 
side of Mt. Parnassus and follows 
a southeasterly course, emptying 
into the lake whose ancient 
name was Copals. 

cera, -ae, f., wax, bees-wax. 

Cerealis, -e, [Ceres], adj., of Ceres, 
sacred to Ceres; of grain. 

Ceres, -eris, f., Ceres, & divinity of 
the earth, goddess of agriculture, 
being a daughter of Saturn, and 
sister of Jupiter. 

certe, comp. certius, [certus], adv., 
certainly, surely. 

certo, -are, -avi, -atus, [certus], 
contend, struggle; strive. 

certus, -a, -um, [part, of cerno], 
adj., certain, fixed; sure; un- 
erring, certum est mini, / 
am resolved, certiorem facere, 
to inform. 

cervix, -icis, f., neck; pi., neck, 
shoulders. 

ceterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m. 
not in use, adj., other, the other, 
rest, remainder; pi., the rest, all 
other , the other . As subst., pi. m., 
ceteri, -orum, the others, all the 
rest, every one else; pi. n., cetera, 
-orum, the rest, all else, every- 
thing else. 



ceu, [for ceve, ce -f ve|, comp. 

adv., as, just as; as if, just as if. 

Chaos, no gen., abl. Chao, n., 

boundless cm ply space, immeasur- 
able darkness; sometimes the 
Underworld ^ as the kingdom of 
darkness; as a divinity, Chaos, 
god of the Underworld, father 
of Erebos and Nox. 

chorus, -i, m., company of dancers, 
throng of singers, troop, choir, 
chorus; band, crowd. 

Cicones, -um, pi., m., Cicones, 
a people of southern Thrace, 
inhabiting the seacoast west of 
the river Hebrus. 

cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctus, sur- 
round, enclose; gird; coil; sur- 
round, encircle, wind. 

circum, [ace. of circus, circle], 
adv. and prep. : 

(1) As adv., around, round about. 

(2) As prep., with ace, 
around. 

circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datus, 

[circum + do], put around, sur- 
round; encircle. 
circumfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, 

[circum + fero], cast about. 
circumfiuo, -ere, -fluxi, , 

[circum + fluo], flow around. 
circumlino, -liner e, , -litus, 

[circum + lino], spread over; 

cover. 
circumsonus, -a, -um, [circum -f 

sono], adj., sounding around; 

barking around. 
cito, [citus], adv., quickly, speedily, 

soon. 
clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, cry out, 

shout, call. 



CLAMOR 



12 



CONAMEN 



clamor, -oris, [clamo], m., loud 
cry; uproar; applause. 

clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear, bright, 
shining; loud, shrill, ringing; 
illustrious. 

claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, shut, 
close; cut off. 

clipeatus, -a, -um, [clipeus], adj., 
provided with a shield, shield- bear- 
ing, seges clipeata virorum, 
shield-carrying crop of men. 

clivus, -I, [clino], m., slope, hill- 
side, hill. 

co-, see com-. 

coctilis, -e, [coquo], adj., burned; 
of a wall, of burnt brick. 

coed, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itum est, 
[com- + eo], come together, meet; 
unite. 

coepi, -isse, coeptus, pres. supplied 
by incipio, def., begin, commence. 
Part, coeptus, -a, -um, com- 
menced, begun, undertaken. 

coeptum, -I, [coepi], n., under- 
taking. 

coerceo, -cere, -cui, -citus, [co- + 
arced], shut in; control, curb. 

Coeus, -I, m., Coeus, a Titan, 
father of Latona. 

cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnovi, cog- 
nitus, [co- + (g)nosco], learn, 
ascertain, know; recognize, iden- 
tify; acknowledge. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, [co- + 
ago], drive together; collect; as a 
military term, bring up the rear. 

cohors, -hortis, f., company, throng, 
multitude; body-guard, retinue. 

collabor, -labi, -lapsus, [com- + 
labor], dep.,/a// together, collapse; 
fall, sink down. 



collum, -I, n., neck. 

colo, colere, colui, cultus, till, 

cultivate; honor, worship, revere, 

reverence. 
color, -oris, m., color, tint, hue; 

complexion. 
coluber, -bri, m., snake, serpent. 
com-, co-, prep., old form of cum; 

found only in composition. See 

cum. 
coma, — ae, f., hair. 
comes, -itis, [com- + eo], m. and 

f., companion, comrade. 
comito, -are, -avi, -atus, and 
comitor, -ari, -atus, [comes], dep., 

attend, accompany. 
communis, [com- + manus], adv., 

hand to hand, at close quarters; 

near at hand, near by, near. 
committo, -mittere, -misi, 

-missus, [com- -f- mitto], bring 

together, put together, unite; in- 
trust. 
communis, -e, [com- + munus], 

adj., common, in common. 
communiter, [communis], adv., to- 

gether, in common. 
compages, -is, [com- + root pag 

in pango], f., a joining together; 

joint, structure. 
compesco, -pescere, -pescui, , 

[compes, fetter], inch., restrain; 

slake, quench. 
complexus, -us, [complector], m., 

an embracing, embrace. 
compono, -ponere, -posui, 

-positus, [com- + pono], put to- 
gether; adjust, arrange; lay at 

rest, bury. 
conamen, -inis, [conor], n., effort, 

exertion. 



CONCHA 



13 



CONTINGO 



concha, -ae, f., shell -fish; shell 

of a mussel. 
concio, or concieo, -ire or ere, 

concivi, concitus, [com- -f cieo, 

set in motion], stir up, move, 

shake, drive on, urge on, rouse. 
conclamo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 

+ clamo], call out loudly, cry 

out, scream. 
condo, condere, condidi, conditus, 

[com — f- do], put together, found, 

build, establish; bury; hide, con- 
ceal. 
confero, -ferre, -tali, collatus, 

[com- + fero], bring together, 

join; match against, oppose; 

se conferre, betake one's self, 

go. 
confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus, [com- -f 

fateor], dep., confess, acknowledge, 

reveal. 
congelo, -are, -avi, -atus, [com- 

+ gelo], freeze; grow stiff, 

stiffen. 
conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [com- 

+ iacio], drive, hurl, thrust, 

plunge; force. 
coniunx, or coniux, -iugis, [com- 

+ iungo, join together], m. and f., 

consort, spouse, whether husband 

or wife. 
Conor, -ari, -atus, dep., undertake, 

endeavor, attempt, try; venture. 
conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, 

-scensus, [com- + scando], as- 
cend, mount. 
conscius, -a, -urn, [com- + scio], 

adj., having knowledge in common. 

As subst., conscius, -i, m., 

accomplice, go-between. 
consequor, -sequi, -secutus, [com- 



+ sequor], dep., follow after, 
overtake, reach. 

considero, -are, -avi, -atus, look 
at closely, inspect, examine, sur- 
vey. 

consilium, -i, [consulo], n., plan; 
advice, counsel. 

consisto, -sistere, -stiti, — — , 
[com- + sisto, set, place], stand 
still, stand fast, stop; stay, 
remain; stand, be firm. 

conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, con- 
spectus, [com- + specio], ob- 
serve, see, catch sight of, perceive. 

consulo, -ere, -ui, -tus, consult, 
deliberate; with dat., consult 
for; with ace, inquire of. 

consumo, -sum ere, -sump si, 
-sumptus, [com- + sumo], de- 
vour; consume. 

contactus, -us, [contingo], m., 
touch. 

contentus, -a, -um, [contendo, 
stretch], adj., tightly stretched, 
taut, strained. 

conterminus, -a, -um, [com- + 
terminus], adj., bordering on, 
adjoining, neighboring; close by y 
near to. 

conterred, -ere, -ui, -itus, [com- 
+ terreo], terrify. 

conticesco, -cescere, -cui, , 

[com- + taceo], inch., become 
silent, cease speaking. 

contiguus, -a, -um, [contingo], 
adj., adjoining, neighboring. 

contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactus, 
[com- + tango], touch, take hold 
of; reach, arrive at; happen, 
come to pass, occur, befall, fall 
to one's lot. 



CONTRA 



14 



CUM 



contra, adv. and prep. : 

(i) As adv., on the other side; 

in answer, in reply. 

(2) As prep., with ace, 

against; in reply to. 
conus, -1, m., cone; of a helmet, 

crest, plume. 
convello, -vellere, -velli, convulsus, 

[com- + vello], tear away; break, 

bite. 
convenio, -venire, -veni, conven- 

tus, [com- + venio], come to- 
gether, meet, assemble. 
converto, -vertere, -vertl, con- 

versus, [com- + verto], turn, 

change. 
convicium, -1, n., outcry; reproach, 

insult, abuse. 
convivium, -1, [com- + vivo], n., 

banquet, feast. 
copia, -ae, [co-opia, from co- + 

ops], f., abundance, plenty; pi., 

resources, wealth, riches. 
cor, cordis, n., heart. 
cornu, -us, n., horn, antler. 
corona, -ae, f., garland, wreath. 
corpus, -oris, n., body. 
corripio, -rip ere, -ripui, -reptus, 

[com- + rapio], seize, grasp, 

catch, fascinate. 
costa, -ae, f., rib. 
credo, credere, credidi, creditus, 

lend; trust; believe, suppose, 

imagine. 
creo, -are, -avi, -atus, bring forth, 

bear; produce, create. 
cresco, crescere, crevi, cretus, 

[creo], inch., come into being, 

spring up; rise up, be born; 

grow, grow up, increase. Part. 

cretus, -a, -urn, with abl. of 



source, sprung from, descended 
from. 

Crete, -es, or Creta, -ae, f., Crete, 
Candia, a large island in the 
Mediterranean sea, southeast 
of the Peloponnesus, and south- 
west of Rhodes. 

crimen, -inis, [cerno, decree], n., 
accusation; fault, guilt. 

cruris, -is, m., hair of the head. 

crista, -ae, f., crest, plume. 

croceus, -a, -um, [crocus], adj., 
saffron- tinted, yellow, golden. 

crocus, -1, m., crocus, saffron. 

crudelis, -e, [criidus, unfeeling], 
adj., unfeeling, cruel, merciless, 
hard-hearted. 

cruento, -are, -avi, -atus, [cru- 
entus], stain with blood, cru- 
entatum 6s, blood-stained mouth. 

cruentus, -a, -um, adj., blood- 
stained, bloody; cruel. 

cruor, -oris, m., blood, stream of 
blood; bloodshed, murder. 

crus, cruris, n., leg, shin. 

cum, prep, with abl., with, along 
with, together with. 

In composition the earlier form 
com- is used, which remains un- 
changed before b, p, m, but is 
changed to col- or con- before 1, 
cor- or con- before r, con- before 
other consonants, and co- before 
vowels and h; implies doing 
anything in concert with others, 
or thoroughly and completely. 

cum, conj., when, while, after; 
since, inasmuch as; although. 
cum primum, as soon as. cum 
. . . turn, both . . . and, not only 
. . . but also. 



CUNCTUS 



15 



DEBEO 



cunctus, -a, -urn, [co- -j- iunctus], 

adj., all together, all, whole. 

As subst., n., pi., cuncta, -orum, 

all things taken together, the 

whole, the universe. 
cupido, -inis, [cupio], f., eager 

desire, longing. 
cupidus, -a, -urn, [cupio], adj., 

eagerly desirous; fond, loving. 
cur, adv., why? for what purpose? 

wherefore ? 
cura, -ae, f., care, trouble, sorrow, 

grief. 
curalium, -I, n., coral. 
curro, currere, cucurri, cursus, 

run, hasten; move quickly, sail, 

fly- 

cursus, -us, [curro], m., course. 
curvamen, -inis, nom. not found, 

[curvo], n., a bending; bend, 

curve, coil. 
curvo, -are, -avi, -atus, [curvus], 

bend, curve. 
curvus, -a, -urn, adj., curved, 

crooked, bent, bending. 
cuspis, -idis, f., point, spear-point; 

spear, javelin. 
custos, -odis, m. and f., guard, 

defender; keeper. 
cutis, -is, f., skin. 
Cynthus, -i, m., Cynthus, a moun- 
tain in the island of Delos ; 

birth-place of Apollo and Diana, 

and favorite resort of Leto 

(Latona). 



Daedalus, -I, m., Daedalus, a 
mythical craftsman of Athens, 
to whom is ascribed the earliest 
development of the mechanic arts 



as well as the arts of sculpture 
and painting. He was said to 
have invented the axe, the saw, 
the auger, the plumb-line, and 
glue, as also masts and sail- 
yards for ships. Many mon- 
uments of his skill as archi- 
tect and sculptor were pointed 
out in different parts of Greece, 
southern Italy, Sicily, and the 
islands of the Aegean. He was 
also the father of Icarus. 

Damasichthon, -onis, m., Dama- 
sichthon, one of the sons of 
Amphion and Xiobe. 

damnosus, -a, -um, [damnum], 
adj., hurtful, harmful. 

damnum, -I, n., hurt, loss, mis- 
fortune. 

Danae, -es, f., Danae, mother of 
Perseus by Zeus, who visited 
her in the form of a shower of 
gold, when she was shut up in a 
tower by her father, Acrisius. 

daps, dapis, f., feast, banquet; 
viands. 

de, prep, with abl., denoting sepa- 
ration, from; of place and mo- 
tion, from, down from, away from, 
out of; of time, away from, after , 
during, in the course of, in; of 
source, proceeding from, sprung 
from; of the whole, partitively, 
of, out of, from among; of 
material, made of; of cause, 
on account of, for, through, by; 
of relation, concerning, about, in 
respect to. 

dea, -ae, dat. and abl. pi. deabus, 
[deus], f., goddess. 

debeo, debere, debui, debitus, 



DECERPO 



16 



DESPICIO 



[de + habeo], owe, be indebted, 
be under obligations; ought, must, 
should; be destined; be decreed. 

decerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, de- 
cerptus, [de + carpo], pluck, 
gather. 

decorus, -a, -um, [decor], adj., 
beautiful, charming, handsome, 
comely. 

deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
[de + duco], lead down; of sails, 
take down, draw down, lower. 

defendo, -fendere, -fendi, defen- 
sus, [de + obsolete fendo], ward 
off; defend, guard, protect. 

deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
[de + facio], fail; faint, become 
exhausted. 

defleo, -flere, -flevi, -fletus, [de 
+ fled], weep over, bewail, lament. 

defluo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxus, 
[de + fluo], flow down; glide 
down, slip down; slide down. 

delabor, -labi, -lapsus, [de -f- 
labor], dep., glide down, de- 
scend. 

delictum, -I, [delinquo], n., fault, 
misdoing, offense; crime. 

Delius, -a, -um, [Delos], adj., 
of Delos, Delian. As subst., 
Delius, -i, m., the Delian god, 
Apollo. 

Delos, -i, f., the island Delos, one 
of the group of Cyclades, birth- 
place of Apollo and Diana. 

demissus, -a, *-um, [demitto], adj., 
low. demissior, lower than is 
expedient, too low. 

demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
[d§ + mitto], send down, let 
down, lower; plunge, thrust, de- 



misso crine, with disheveled 
hair, as a sign of mourn- 
ing. 

demo, demere, dempsi, demptus, 
[de + emo], take away, take 
off, remove, pluck. 

dens, dentis, [cf. edo, eat], m., 
tooth. 

densus, -a, -um, adj., compact, 
dense, crowded, thick, overgrown. 

depended, -ere, , , [de 

+ pendeo, hang], hang down 
from. 

depono, -ponere, -posui, depositus, 
[de + pono], lay down; lay aside. 
deponere sitim, to quench thirst. 

deprendo, -prendere, -prendi, 
-prensus, [for de + prehendo], 
take away; seize; surprise, de- 
tect, discover. 

derigesco, -rigescere, -rigui, , 

[de + rigesco, grow stiff], inch., 
grow rigid. 

deripio, -riper e, -ripui, -reptus, 
[de + rapio], tear off, tear from. 

descendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
-scensus, [de + scando, climb], 
come down from, go down, de- 
scend; of a weapon, sink down, 
penetrate. 

desero, -serere, -serui, -sertus, 
[de + sero, join], leave, forsake, 
desert, abandon. 

desino, -sinere, desii, desitus, 
[de + sino], leave off, cease; stop, 
end. 

desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stiturus, 
[de + sisto], leave off, cease. 

despicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectus, 
[de + specio, look], look down 
upon. 



DETRAHO 



17 



DONUM 



detraho, -trahere, -traxi, detrac- 
tus, [de + traho), pull down, 
pull off 

deus, -i, m., god, deity, divinity. 

devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votus, 
[de + voveo], vow; curse. 

dexter, -tera or -tra, -terum or 
-tram, adj., right, on the right. 

dextra, -ae, [properly dextra or 
dextera manus], f., right hand, 
hand. 

died, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, 
speak, tell, mention, relate, de- 
clare, affirm; name, call; ap- 
point. 

Dictaeus, -a, -um, [Dicte], adj., 
of Dicte, a mountain in Crete, 
Dictaean, Cretan. 

dictum, -I, [dico], n., word; order, 
command. 

dies, diei, m. and f., day; time, 
interval, period. 

diffundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus, 
[dis- + fundo], diffuse, spread; 
pour. 

digitus, -I, m., finger. 

dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy, de- 
serving, suitable, befitting. 

digredior, -gredi, -gressus, [di- + 
gradior], dep., go apart, depart. 

dimitto, -mittere, dimisi, dimissus, 
[di — (- mitto], send in different 
directions, send out, send forth. 

dimoveo, -movere, -movi, dimo- 
tus, [di + moveo], separate, part, 
divide. 

dims, -a, -um, adj., fearful, awful, 
dreadful, direful. 

dis- or di-, inseparable prep., 
used only as a prefix with other 
words ; it adds the force of 



apart, asunder; in different direc- 
tions; not, un-; utterly, entirely. 

discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cess- 
urus, [dis- + cedo], go away, 
depart. 

dispar, -aris, [dis- -f par], adj., 
unequal, unmatched. 

dispenso, -are, -avi, -atus, [dis- 
+ penso], dispense, distribute. 

disto, -stare, , , [di- -J- 

sto], stand apart, be separated; 
differ, be unlike, be different. 

diu, comp. diutius, sup. diutissime, 
adv., for a long time, long. 

divello, -vellere, -velli, -vulsus or 
-volsus, [di- + vello], tear in 
pieces. 

diversus, -a, -um, [diverto], adj., 
opposite; separate; different, di- 
verse. 

dives, -itis, adj., rich, wealthy. 

do, dare, dedi, datus, give, give 
forth, grant; place, put, draw, 
cause, make, inflict. 

doleo, -ere, -ui, , suffer; 

grieve, lament; cause pain, hurt. 

dolor, -oris, [doleo], m., pain, suf- 
fering; grief, distress, sorrow; 
anger, resentment, wrath, in- 
dignation. 

domina, -ae, f., mistress, lady. 

dominus, -i, m., master, lord; 
ruler. 

domus, -us, f., house, dwelling, 
abode, home; household, fam- 
ily. 

donee, adv., as long as, while; 
until, till at length, till. 

dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum], 
give, present. 

donum, -i, [do], n., gift, present. 



DOS 



18 



ENSIS 



dos, dotis, [do], f., marriage-portion, 
dower, dowry; in general, en- 
dowment, advantage. 

dotalis, -e, [dos], adj., as a mar- 
riage-portion, as dowry. 

draco, -onis, m., great serpent, 
dragon. 

dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [du- 
bius], doubt, question; be un- 
certain, waver; deliberate, consider ; 
hesitate, delay. 

duco, ducere, duxi, ductus, lead, 
guide, conduct, direct; produce, 
form, derive. 

dum, conj., while, as long as, until, 
till; provided that, if only. 

duo, -ae, -o, num. adj., two. 

duplico, -are, -avi, -atus, [du- 
plex], double; double together, 
double up. 

duritia, -ae, [durus], f., hardness. 

durus, -a, -um, adj., hard; rough, 
pitiless, cruel. 

dux, ducis, [duco], m. and f., 
leader, guide. 

E 

e, see ex. 

ebur, -oris, n., ivory; ivory scab- 
bard. 

ecce, inter j., behold ! look ! lo I 

Echion, -onis, m., Echion, one of 
the race that sprung from the 
dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. 

educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
[e + duco], draw out, draw forth; 
of the stage-curtain of a theater, 
draw up. 

effero, efferre, extuli, elatus, [ex 
+ fero], carry forth; bear to the 
grave ; lift up 3 raise. 



emtio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, [ex 

+ facio], bring about, bring to 

pass, cause, accomplish, make, 

form. 
emud, -rluere, -fluxi, , [ex + 

fluo], flow out, escape, slip from. 
effugio, -fugere, -fugi, , [ex 

+ fugio], flee from, avoid, 

escape. 
effundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fusus, 

[ex + fundo], pour out, pour 

forth. 
egens, -entis, [egeo], adj., needy, 

lacking. 
ego, mei, pi. nos, nostrum and 

nostri, pers. pron., /. 
egredior, egredi, egressus, [e + 

gradior], dep., go out, go forth, 

come forth. 
ei, interj., oh! alas! ah! 
eiaculor, -ari, -atus, [e + iaculor], 

dep., shoot forth; of water, 

spurt forth. 
elatus. -a, -um ; [effero], adj., 

elated, puffed up. 
eludo, eludere, ehisi, elusus, [e + 

ludo], elude; delude, deceive. 
eluo, eluere, elui, elutus, [e + 

luo], wash off, cleanse; wash 

away, get rid of. 
emico, -are, -ui, -atus, [e + 

mico], leap up, spring forth, 

shoot out. 
eminus, [e + manus], adv., (be- 
yond reach of hand or sword), 

from a distance, afar off. 
en, interj., lo ! behold! see! 
enim, conj., postpositive, for, in 

fact, indeed. 
ensis, -is, m., sword, two-edged 

sword. 



EO 



1!) 



EXEMPLUM 



eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go, come; 

fly, march, advance. 
e6, [cf. is], adv., to that place, 

thither, there. 
eodem, [idem], adv., to the same 

place; thereto, besides. 
equus, -i, m., horse. 
Erebus, -i, m., Erebus, god of 

darkness; the Underworld. 
erectus, -a, -um, [erigo], adj., 

upright, lifted high, high. 
erigo, erigere, erexi, erectus, [e + 

rego], raise up, set up, erect. 
eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus, 

[e + rapid], tear out, take away; 

rescue, save, deliver, set free. 
err 6, -are, -avi, -atus, wander, 

go astray, stray at random; 

wander about, roam. 
error, -oris, [erro], m., mistake, error. 
erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [e + rudio], 

teach; instruct in. 
eruo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [e + ruo], 

tear out, root out. 
et, adv., and conj. : 

(i) As adv., also, too, besides, 

moreover, even. 

(2) As conj., and. et . . . et, 

both . . . and, as well . . . as. 
etiam, [et + iam], adv. and conj., 

also, even, likewise, etiam nunc, 

yet, still. 
etsi, [et + si], conj., although, 

though, even if, and yet. 
Eumenides, -um, f., pi., Eu- 

menides, the Furies, named Eu- 
menides (= ' the well-disposed 

goddesses ') by the Greeks, to 

avoid using a word of ill omen. 
Eumolpus, -i, m., Eumolpus, a 

mythical bard of Thracian origin, 



who was said to have come to 
Attica, and to have founded the 
Eleusinian mysteries, having 
been instructed in these and 
other sacred rites by the gods. 

Europa, -ae, f., Europa, daughter of 
the Phoenician king, Agenor. 

Eurydice, -es, f., Eurydice, bride 
of Orpheus, whom he sought to 
bring out from the Under- 
world. 

evado, evadere, evasi, evasurus, 
[e + vado], come forth; pass, 
traverse. 

evitabilis, -e, [evito], adj., avoid- 
able, to be avoided. 

ex, often before consonants e, 
prep., with abl., out of, out 
from; of place, from, out of, 
down from; of time, from, since, 
after; of source and material, 
from, of; of partition, of, out of, 
from among; of cause, from, by 
reason of, by, in consequence of; 
of measure and correspondence, 
according to, with, in, by, on. 

exanimis, -e, [ex + anima], adj., 
lifeless, dead. 

exaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [ex + 
audio], hear distinctly; hear, heed. 

excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessurus, 
[ex + cedo], go forth, go out, 
depart, withdraw, leave; go be- 
yond, exceed, pass beyond. 

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
[ex + capio], take out; take up, 
receive, welcome; catch, capture. 

exclamo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex -f 
clamo], call out, cry out, exclaim. 

exemplum, -i, n., example; way, 
manner, kind. 



EXEO 



20 



FALLO 



exeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [ex + eo], 

go out, come forth; go away, 

depart, withdraw, leave; pour 

forth, gush forth, spring 

forth. 
exhalo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 

halo, breathe], breathe out, breathe 

forth, animum exhalare, expire, 

die. 
exhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [ex + 

habed], hold forth, display, make 

use of, employ. 
exhorresco, -rescere, -rui, , 

[ex + horreo], inch., shudder at, 

shudder, tremble, shake, quiver. 
exigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [ex + 

ago], drive out; force, drive. 
exiguus, -a, -um, [exigo], adj., 

small, little, short, scanty; paltry, 

slight. 
exitiabilis, -e, [exitium], adj., 

deadly, destructive, fatal. 
exitus, -us, [exeo], m., a going 

forth; outcome, result, issue. 
expallesco, -lescere, -lui, . 

[ex + pallesco, grow pale], turn 

very pale, grow deathly pale. 
expello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 

[ex + pello], drive out, thrust 

forth, cast forth, expel. 
exsanguis, -e, [ex + sanguis], adj., 

bloodless, without blood; pale, 

wan, lifeless. 
exsilium, -i, [exsul], n., banishment, 

exile. 
exsisto, -sister e, -stiti, — — , [ex 

+ sisto], come forth, appear. 
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 

specto], look out for, wait for, 

await; apprehend, dread. 
exspiro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ex + 



spiro, breathe], breathe out, ex- 
hale; expire. 

exstinguo, -stinguere, -stinxi, 
-stinctus, [ex + stinguo, quench], 
extinguish; deprive of life, slay, 
kill; destroy. 

exsto, -are, , , [ex + 

sto], stand out, stand forth, pro- 
ject; appear. 

exstruo, -struere, -struxi, ex- 
structus, [ex + struo, place], pile 
up, heap up. 

exsul, -ulis, m. and f., exile, out- 
law, wanderer. 

exsulto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
of exsilio], leap up; exult, re- 
joice greatly. 

exta, -orum, n., pi., vitals, the 
chief internal organs of a crea- 
ture, as heart, lungs, liver ; con- 
sidered of special significance in 
divination. 



fades, -ei, [facio], f., form, figure, 
shape; face, countenance; ap- 
pearance, aspect; color. 

facio, facere, feci, factus, make, 
fashion, construct; do, perform, 
bring about, occasion, cause, pro- 
duce; render, grant. 

factum, -i, [facio], n., deed, act, 
achievement. 

falcatus, -a, -um, [falx, scythe], 
adj., scythe-shaped, hooked, curved. 

fallax, -acis, [fallo], adj., deceitful, 
deceptive, false. 

fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus, de- 
ceive, cheat, dupe, betray, mislead, 
disappoint, fail; escape the notice 
of. 



FALSUS 



21 



1'ISTULA 



falsus, -a, -um, [fallo], adj., de- 
ceptive, false; pretended. 

fama, -ae, [fari, speak], f., report, 
rumor; renown, fame; per- 
sonified, Fama, -ae, f., Rumor, 
Report, Fame. 

fames, -is, f., hunger, famine. 

fateor, fateri, fassus, [fan, speak] > 
dep., confess, admit, own, acknowl- 
edge. 

fatifer, -fera, -ferum, [fatum + 
fero], adj., death-dealing, fatal, 
destructive. 

fatum, -I, [fari, speak], n., destiny, 
fate; ill fate, calamity, ruin, de- 
struction; death. 

fautrix, -Icis, [faveo], f., patroness, 
protectress. 

faveo, favere, favi, fauturus, be 
kind to, be well disposed; favor ; 
befriend. 

fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand; torch 
borne in a wedding procession, 
nuptial torch. 

fecundus, -a, -um, adj., over- 
flowing, rich in, abounding 
in. 

felix, -Icis, adj., fruitful; lucky, 
fortunate; prosperous, happy. 

fera, -ae, [ferus], f., wild beast, 
wild animal; monster. 

ferid, -ire, , , strike, 

smite, hit; kill, slay. 

fero, ferre, full, latus, bear, carry, 
bring, draw; lead, conduct; en- 
dure; report. 

ferox, -oris, [fenis], adj., wild, 
ferocious, fierce, savage, cruel. 

ferrum, -I, n., iron; iron head, 
iron point; sword, spear-head, 
arrow-head. 



ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, savage, 
fierce; barbarous, cruel. 

fervens, -entis, [ferveo], adj., 
burning, smoking, gushing, fer- 
vens vulnus, a smoking wound, 
a gushing wound. 

festum, -i, [festus], n., often in 
pi., holiday, festival, feast. 

festus, -a, -um, adj., festive, 
festal. 

fetus, -us, m., a bringing forth; 
of spring; of plants, fruit. 

fides, -ei, [fido], f., confidence, 
trust, faith, credence, belief; good- 
faith, trustworthiness; assurance, 
promise; fulfilment. 

fides, -is, f., string, chord, of a 
musical instrument; often pi., 
fides, -ium, stringed instrument, 
lyre. 

fiducia, -ae, [fidus], f., confidence, 
assurance; self-confidence. 

fidus, -a, -um, [fido], adj., trusty, 
faithful. 

figo, figere, fixi, fixus, fix, set, place, 
fasten; imprint, press; pierce, 
transfix. 

filius, -i, m., son. 

findo, findere, fidi, fissus, cleave, 
split, separate, divide. 

fingo, fingere, finxi, f Ictus, form; 
imagine, suppose, think. 

finio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itus, [finis], end, 
put an end to, finish. 

finis, -is, m., limit, end; pi., ter- 
ritory, country. 

fio, fieri, factus, used as pass. 
of facio, be made, be done, be 
built; become, happen. 

fistula, -ae, f., pipe, water-pipe; 
reed-pipe, shepherd's pipe. 



FIXUS 



22 



FUTURUS 



fixus, -a, -um, [figo], adj., fixed, 

fast; established, settled. 
flagell6, -are, , , [flag- 

ellum, whip], lash. 
flavus, -a, -um, adj., yellow, golden. 
flecto, flectere, flexi, flexus, bend, 

turn, direct. 
fled, flere, flevi, fletus, weep, wail, 

shed tears; lament. 
fletus, -us, [fleo], m., weeping, 

wailing, lamenting; tears. 
fluctus, -us, [fluo], m., wave, billow. 
fluito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 

fluo], float; flow. 
flumen, -inis, [fluo], n., stream, 

river. 
fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxus, flow, 

flow down, stream down, drip. 
focus, -l, m., fire-place, hearth; 

altar; hearth and home. 
foedo, -are, -avi, -atus, [foedus], 

pollute, stain. 
folium, -I, n., leaf. 
fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain, 

well. 
foramen, -inis, n., opening, aper- 
ture, orifice, hole. 
fore, forem, see sum. 
foris, -is, f., door, gate; pi., double 

doors, folding doors, entrance. 
forma, -ae, f., form, shape, figure; 

appearance, looks, beauty. 
formosus, -a, -um, [forma], adj., 

well formed, handsome, beautiful. 
forte, [abl. of fors], adv., by chance, 

by accident; perhaps, perchance. 
fortis, -e, adj., strong, sturdy, 

brave, manly, fearless; spirited. 
fortuna, -ae, [fors], f., chance, 

luck, fate, fortune; personified, 

Goddess of Fortune, Fortune. 



f rater, -tris, m., brother. 
fraternus, -a, -um, [frater], adj., 

brotherly, fraternal, friendly. 

fremo, -ere, -ui, , roar; rage. 

frenum, -i, pi. frena, -orum, and 
freni, -orum, n., bridle, bit; 
rein. 

frequento, -are, -avi, -atus, [fre- 
quens], visit often; throng, throng 
about, crowd about. 

frons, frondis, f., green bough, 
leafy branch, foliage. 

frons, frontis, f., brow, forehead; 
countenance, face. 

frustra, adv., to no purpose, in 
vain, uselessly. 

frux, friigis, usually in pi., fruges, 
-um, f., fruit, grain, corn. 

fuga, -ae, [fugio], f., flight, escape. 

fugio, -ere, fugi, , flee, fly. 

fulvus, -a, -um, adj., yellow, golden. 

fumus, -i, m., smoke. 

funda, -ae, f., sling. 

funestus, -a, -um, [ftinus], adj., 
deadly, fatal, destructive. 

fungor, fungi, functus, dep., be en- 
gaged in, experience, find; per- 
form. 

funus, -eris, n., funeral procession, 
funeral rites, burial; dead body, 
corpse; death, murder; destruc- 
tion. 

furo, furere, , , rave, rage, 

be mad, be furious, storm. 

furor, furoris, [furo], m., frenzy, 
rage, fury, madness. 

furtum, -I, [fur], n., theft, robbery; 
deceit, intrigue. 

fusilis, -e, [fundo], adj., molten. 

futurus, -a, -um, [fut. part, sum], 
did)., future, coming. 



GAUDEO 



23 



IIASTILE 



gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, 
semi-dep., rejoice, be glad, take 
pleasure in, delight in. 

gelidus, -a, -um, [gelu, cold], 

adj., ice-cold, cold, chilling; cool. 
geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin; 

double, two, twofold. 
gemo, gemere, gemui, gemitus, 

sigh, groan, lament, bemoan, 

bewail. 
genae, -arum, f., cheeks. 
gener, -eri, m., son-in-law. 
genetrix, -icis, [genitor], f., 

mother. 
genialiter, [genialis, joyous], adv., 

merrily, joyously, happily. 
genitor, -oris, [gigno], m., father, 

parent, sire; creator; of a city, 

founder. 
gens, gentis, f., clan, house; off- 
spring; birth; people, nation, 

race. 
genus, -eris, n., birth, family ; race, 

stock; descendant, son; people, 

nation. 
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, bear, 

carry, have, hold, wear. 
gestio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [gestus, 

bearing], desire eagerly, earnestly 

desire, long for. 
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus, 

give birth to. Part, genitus, -a, 

-um, as adj., born of, sprung 

from; son of. 
glaeba, -ae, f., lump of earth, clod; 

land, soil. 
glorior, -ari, -atus, [gloria], dep., 

boast, pride one's self. 
gradior, gradi, gressus, [gradus, 

step], dep., step, walk, advance. 



gradus, -us, m., step, pace, walk; 

approach, advance. 
grates, found only in nom. and 

ace. pi., [gratus], f., thanks. 
gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable, 

pleasing, agreeable. 
gravis, -e, adj., heavy; laden, filled; 

severe, difficult, serious; eminent. 
gravo, -are, -avi, -atus, [gravis], 

make heavy, weigh down, burden. 
gressus, -us, [gradior], m., step, 

walk, pace, gait. 
guttur, -uris, n., throat, neck. 



habena, -ae, [habeo], f., rein; pi., 
habenae, -arum, reins; control. 

habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have, hold, 
possess; retain, keep, contain; 
occupy; regard. 

habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
of habeo], inhabit; dwell, re- 
side, live. 

Haemus, -i, m., Haemus, a range 
of mountains in Thrace, now the 
Great Balkan. 

haereo, haerere, haesi, haesus, 
stick to, cleave to, adhere; hold 
fast to, be fixed; be in doubt, doubt. 

halitus, -us, [halo, breathe], m., 
breath, exhalation. 

hamus, -i, m., hook, fish-hook; of 
an arrow, barbs. 

harena, -ae, [areo], f., sand; 
shore, beach; arena. 

harundo, -mis, f., reed; fish-pole, 
rod. 

hasta, -ae, f., staff; spear, lance. 

hastile, -is, [hasta], n., shaft of a 
spear or pike, spear-shaft, javelin- 
shaft; spear, lance, javelin, pike. 



HAUD 



24 



ICARUS 



haud, adv., not at all, by no means. 

haurio, -ire, hausi, haustus, draw 
of, draw up, draw. 

haustus, -us, [haurio], m., draught, 
gushing; of blood, stream. 

Helice, -es, f., Helice, the con- 
stellation of the Great Bear. 

herba, -ae, f., herb, plant, grass, 

heres, -edis, m. and f., heir, heir- 
ess; successor. 

herds, herois, ace. heroa, m., 
demi-god, hero. 

Hesperides, -urn, ace. Hesperidas, 
f., pi., Hesperides, the maidens 
who guarded the golden apples 
given by Ge to Hera. 

heu! interj., alas! oh! ah! 

hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this; 
he, she, it. ille . . . hie, the 
former . . . the latter. 

hie, [hie], adv., here, in this place; 
hereupon, now, at this time, then. 

hinc, [hie], adv., hence, from this 
place, from this point, on this 
side; on this account. 

Hippotades, -ae, m., patr., de- 
scendant of Hippotes; applied to 
Aeolus, who was the son, or 
grandson, of Hippotes, being the 
son of his daughter, Segesta. 

homo, -inis, m. and f., human be- 
ing, man; mankind. 

hora, -ae, f., hour, which among 
the Romans was properly a 
twelfth part of the time from 
sunrise to sunset ; time, season. 
horrendus, -a, -um, [horreo], adj., 
awful; dreadful, horrible, terrible. 
hortor, -ari, -atus, dep., urge, 

encourage; urge on, spur on. 
hospes, -itis, m. and f., host; 



one entertained, guest, visitor, 

friend; stranger. 
hospita, -ae, [hospes], f., hostess; 

guest, stranger, wanderer. 
hospitalitas, -atis, [hospitalis], f., 

hospitality. 
hospitium, -i, [hospes], n., enter- 
tainment, hospitality. 
hostis, -is, m. and f., stranger; 

public enemy, enemy, foe. 
hue, [hie], adv., hither, to this 

place; to this, besides. 
humanus, -a, -um, [homo], adj., 

of man, human; humane, kind. 
humilis, -e, [humus], adj., low, slight, 

small; base, mean. 
humus, -i, f., ground, soil, earth; 

land, country; locative humi, on 

the ground, to the ground. 
Hymenaeus, -i, m., Hymenaeus, 

Hymen, god of marriage. 



iaceo, -ere, -ui, , lie, lie pros- 
trate, be prostrate; lie dead. 

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, throw, 
cast, hurl; construct. 

iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
iacio], throw, cast, scatter, fling, 
hurl; toss, shake, flap, beat. 

iaculum, -i, [iacio], n., pike, spear, 
dart, javelin. 

iam, adv., already, now, at this time, 
just; immediately, soon, pres- 
ently; finally, at length. 

ibi or ibi, adv., there, in that place; 
then, thereupon; in that case. 

Icarus*, -i, m., Icarus, son of 
Daedalus, the mythical crafts- 



ICTUS 



25 



IMPES 



ictus, -us, [led, strike]} m., stroke, 
blow, hit, thrust ; cut, stab, wound; 
of water, jet. 

idem, eadem, idem, [is + dem], 
dem. pron., the same, often with 
the force of an adv., also, 
besides, too, likewise, furthermore ; 
followed by et, -que or atque, 
the same as. 

iecur, iecoris, n., liver. 

ignarus, -a, -urn, [in- + gnarus], 
adj., not knowing, ignorant; un- 
aware, not anticipating. 

ignavus, -a, -urn, adj., sluggish, 
inactive, lazy, idle, slothful; cow- 
ardly, spiritless. 

ignis, -is, m., fire; brightness, 
splendor; fire of passion, love. 

ignotus, -a, -urn, [in- + (g)notus], 
adj., unknown, strange, foreign, 
unfamiliar . 

flex, -icis, f., oak, holm-oak. 

ilia, -orum, n., pi., abdomen, flanks, 
groin. 

Ilioneus, -ei, ace. -ea, m., Ilioneus, 
one of the sons of Amphion 
and Niobe. 

iliac, [illic], adv., that way, there, 
on that side. 

ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius or illius, 
dem. pron., that, that yonder, 
yon; he, she, it. ille . . . hie, 
the former . . . the latter. 

illic, [loc. of ille], adv., there, in 
that place, yonder. 

illinc, [ille], adv., from that place, 
thence, from yonder ; on that side. 

imago, -inis, f., likeness, form, 
figure, image, picture ; phantom, 
ghost; semblance, appearance, 
shadow. 



imber, -oris, m., rain t rain-storm, 
shower ; rain-cloud, storm-cloud. 

imitor, -ari, -atus, dcp., imitate, 
copy after. 

immemor, -oris, [in- + memor], 
adj., unmindful, forgetful. 

immensus, -a, -um, [in- -f 
mensus], adj., immeasurable 
boundless, endless; vast, immense, 
huge. 

immeritus, -a, -um, [in- + meri- 
tus], adj., undeserving, innocent, 
guiltless; undeserved. 

immineo, -ere, , , [in + 

mineo], overhang; threaten, men- 
ace. 

immitto, -mittere, -misi, immis- 
sus, [in + mitto], send in, let 
in; let loose, flow, hang. 

immorior, -mori, -mortuus, [in -f 
morior], dep., fall dead upon, ex- 
pire on. 

immotus, -a, -um, [in- + motus, 
from moveo], adj., unmoved, im- 
movable, motionless; of eyes, fixed. 

immunis, -e, [in- + munus], adj., 
free from obligation; unburdened; 
exempt, free from, devoid of. 

impar, -aris, [in- + par], adj., un- 
even, unequal; inferior. 

impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [in, cf . pes, 
ped-is], entangle, hinder, hamper; 
obstruct, impede, check, prevent. 

impello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsus, 
[in + pello], strike against, strike, 
smite. 

impero, -are, -avi, -atus, command, 
order, rule; control. 

impes, -petis, only in gen. and abl. 
sing., [cf. impetus], m., violence, 
force. 



IMPLEO 



26 



INDOTATUS 



impleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, [in + 
pleoj, fill up, fill. 

impono, -ponere, -posui, imposi- 
tus, [in + pond], place upon, 
place on, set down, place; set to, 
put to. 

impulsus, -us, [impello], m., a 
striking against, shock, push, pres- 
sure; impulse. 

imus, -a, -um, see Inferus. 

in, prep, with ace. and abl. : 

(i) With the ace., after verbs 
implying motion ; of place, into, 
to, up to, in, at, against, towards; 
of time, till, to, unto; of purpose, 
for, with a view to; of reference, to, 
in, according to, respecting. 

(2) With abl., of place, hi, 
within, on, upon, among, over; 
of time, in, during, in the course 
of; of other relations, in, under, 
subject to, in relation to. 

In composition in retains its 
form before the vowels and 
most of the consonants ; is often 
changed to il- before 1, ir- be- 
fore r ; usually becomes im- 
before m, b, p. 

in-, inseparable prefix, = un-, not, 
as in incertus, uncertain. 

Inachides, -ae, [Inachus], patr., 
m., descendant of Inachus, the 
earliest ruler of Argos ; applied 
to Perseus, who, in the Argive 
genealogy, was reckoned a re- 
mote descendant of Inachus 
through lo, Epaphus, Danaus, 
Acrisius, and Danae. 

inamoenus, -a, -um, [in- + amoe- 
nus, pleasant], adj., unpleasant, 
gloomy. 



inane, -is, [inanis], n., empty space, 

void, space. 
inanis, -e, adj., empty, void; use- 
less, worthless. 
incedo, -cedere, -cessi, , [in 

+ cedo], advance, go forth, march, 

proceed; stride, walk, move. 
incertus, -a, -um, [in- + certus], 

adj., uncertain, doubtful. 
incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 

[in + capio], take up; begin, 

commence. 
incrementum, -1, [incresco, grow], 

n., growth, increase. 
incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, in- 

cubitus, fall upon, press upon. 

incumbere ferro, to fall on one's 

sword. 
incursus, -us, [incurso], m., rush, 

dash; onset, attack. 
incurvatus, -a, -um, [part, of 

incurvo], adj., bent; crooked, 

curved. 
incustoditus, -a, -um, [in- + cus- 

toditus], adj., unguarded, un- 

watched. 
inde, adv., from that place, thence; 

thereupon, thereafter, after that, 

then; therefore. 
indico, -are, -avi, -atus, [index], 

point out, make known, disclose, 

reveal. 
indignor, -ari, -atus, [indignus], 

dep., deem unworthy, be indig- 
nant, be offended. 
indignus, -a, -um, [in- + dignus], 

adj., unworthy, undeserving. 
indolesco, -lescere, -dolui, , 

[in + doled], inch., be pained; 

be grieved, be distressed. 
indotatus, -a, -um, [in- + dota- 



INDURESCO 



27 



[NTEREA 



tus], adj., portionless; poor, 
unadorned. 

induresco, -ere, -durui, , 

[in -f- duro, harden], inch., be- 
come hard, harden. 

ineo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [in + eo], 
go into, enter. 

Infaustus, -a, -urn, [in- -f faustus], 
adj., ill-omened, unpropitious, 
unfortunate, luckless. 

Infectus, -a, -um, [in- + f actus], 
adj., not done; unfinished, incom- 
plete. 

Infellx, -Icis, [in- -f felix], adj., 
unhappy, ill fated, unfortu- 
nate. 

inferus, -a, -um, adj., below, 
underneath, lower, underground ; 
of the Lower World. As subst.. 
Infer!, -orum, pi. m., folk of the 
Underworld ; apud Inferos, in the 
Underworld; comp. Inferior, lower, 
inferior; sup. Infimus or Imus, 
lowest, bottom of, end of; the 
Lower World, the dead. 

Inficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, [in + 
facio], pollute, corrupt, infect, 
taint. 

Infra, [for Infera, sc. parte], adv., 
beneath, underneath, below. 

ingemo, -gemere, -gemul, , 

[in + gemo, groan], groan, la- 
ment, bewail. 

ingens, -entis, adj., huge, enormous, 
vast, prodigious. 

ingratus, -a, -um, [in- + gratus], 
adj., unthankful, ungrateful. 

inimlcus, -a, -um, [in- + amicus], 
adj., unfriendly, hostile. 

iniustus, -a, -um, [in- -f iustus], 
adj., unfair, unjust. 



innitor, -niti, -nixus, [in- + nitor], 
dep., lean upon. 

innumerus, -a, -um, [in — \- nu- 
merus], adj., countless, innumer- 
able. 

inquam, inquis, inquit, dcf., always 
postpositive, say. 

Inscius, -a, -um, [in-, scio], adj., 
not knowing, ignorant, unwitting, 
unconscious. 

Insero, -serere, -serui, -sertus, 
[in -f sero], insert, thrust in; 
mix up with. 

Insono, -are, -ul, , [in + sono], 

resound; of feathers or wings, 
rustle. 

Instabilis, -e, [in- + stabilis], adj., 
unsteady, unstable. 

Instar, indecl., n., likeness, resem- 
blance; with gen., like. 

Insto, -stare, -stiti, -staturus, [in 
+ sto], stand upon; be near to, 
approach; press, pursue, men- 
ace; insist, urge. 

Instruo, -struere, -striixl, -struc- 
tus, [in -f struo], prepare, make 
ready, furnish, equip; instruct, 
teach, inform. 

intendo, -tendere, -tendl, intentus, 
[in + tendo], stretch out, stretch 
forth, extend. 

inter, prep, with ace, among; of 
position, between, twixt, among, 
amid; of time, during, in the 
course of. inter se, with each 
other, with one another, mutu- 
ally. 

interdum, [inter + dum], adv., now 
and then, sometimes. 

interea, [inter -f- ea], adv., mean- 
while, in tJie meantime. 



INTERIOR 



28 



IUNONIUS 



interior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj., 
inner, interior ; sup. intimus, -a, 
-um, inmost, deepest. 

interius, [interior], adv., inside, 
within. 

internodium, -I, [inter + nodus], 
n., space between joints. 

intexo, -texere, -texui, -textus, 
[in + texo], weave in; embroider. 

intimus, see interior. 

intonsus, -a, -um, [in- + tonsus, 
from tondeo], adj., unshorn, with 
long hair. 

intra, [for intera, sc. parte], adv., 
within, on the inside. 

intro, -are, -avi, -atus, [cf. intra], 
enter, go into; penetrate. 

inutilis, -e, [in- + utilis], adj., 
useless, unprofitable. 

invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, 
[in + venio], come upon, find, 
meet; contrive, devise. 

invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visus, [in + 
video], look askance at, envy, be- 
grudge; refuse, prevent. 

invidiosus, -a, -um, [invidia], adj., 
full of envy; exciting envy, object 
of envy, enviable, envied; caus- 
ing hatred, hateful, hated, odi- 
ous. 

invidus, -a, -um, [invideo], adj., 
envious, jealous; odious. 

in visus, -a, -um, [invideo], adj., 
hated, detested, odious, hostile. 

ipse, -a, -um, gen. ipsius, inten- 
sive pron., self; himself, herself, 
itself; often emphatic, he; often 
best rendered freely as, the very, 
precisely, likewise, in person. 

ira, -ae, f , anger, wrath, rage, pas- 
sion. 



irascor, -asci, iratus, [ira], dep., 

be in anger, get angry, rave, be 

furious. 
iratus, -a, -um, [irascor], adj., 

angered, angry; furious. 
irritus, -a, -um, [in- + ratus, set- 
tled], adj., unsettled; vain, without 

result, useless. 
is, ea, id, gen. eius, dem. pron., 

he, she, it, that, this; before ut, 

such, of such a kind. 
Ismenus, -i, m., Ismenus, one of 

the sons of Amphion and Niobe. 
iste, ista, istud, gen. istius, dem. 

pron., that, that of yours; he, she, 

it; this; such. 
ita, adv., thus, so, in this wise, in 

this way; such; so much. 
iter, itineris, [cf. ire], n., a going; 

way, journey, march; road, path, 

passage, course. 
itero, -are, -avi, -atus, [iterum], 

repeat, renew. 
iterum, adv., a second time, again; 

once more. 
iuba, -ae, f., mane. 
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, order, 

bid, give orders, command, direct; 

decree. 
iugulum, -i, [iugum], n., collar- 
bone; throat, neck. 
iugum, -i, [cf. iungo], n., yoke, col- 
lar; of elevated ground or of 

mountains, height, ridge. 
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus, 

[cf. iugum], join, unite, clasp. 
Iuno, -onis, f., Juno, daughter of 

Saturn, sister and consort of 

Jupiter. 
Iunonius, -a, -um, [Iuno], adj., 

of Juno, Juno's, Junonian. 



IUPPITER 



29 



LEAENA 



Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter, son 

• of Saturn, chief of the gods. 

ius, iuris, n., right, law, duty; jus- 
tice, equity; authority, power; 
court of justice; abl. hire, by 
right, justly. 

iuste, [iustus], adv., rightly, justly; 
comp. iustius, with better reason. 

iustus, -a, -um, [ius], adj., just; 
fair, lawful; suitable, sufficient. 

iuvenalis, -e, [iuvenis], adj., 
youthful, juvenile. 

iuvenca, -ae, f., young cow, heifer. 

iuvenis, -is, adj., young, youthful. 
As subst., iuvenis, -is, m. and f., 
young person, youth, applied to 
persons between the ages of 
twenty and forty. 

iuventus, -utis, [iuvenis], f., age 
of youth, youth; young people, 
young folk, youth; youths. 

Ixion, -onis, m., Ixion, a. mythical 
king of the Lapithae, in Thessaly. 
For his wickedness, in the Under- 
world he was bound by his hands 
and feet to a wheel, which was 
made ever to revolve. 



labefacio, -facere, -feci, -factus, 

[labo, totter, + facio], make to 

totter, shake; loosen. 
labor, labi, lapsus, dep., glide, 

slide, slip, sink, fall; run, flow, 

move. 
labor, -oris, m., labor, toil, effort. 
lacertus, -i, m., upper arm from 

shoulder to elbow, arm, 
lacrima, -ae, f., tear. 



lacrimosus, -a, -um, [lacrima], 

adj., tearful, weeping; causing 
tears, tear-bringing. 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus, hurt, 
wound, injure. 

laetus, -a, -um, adj., joyful, glad, 
gladsome, delighted, happy. 

laevus, -a, -um, adj., left, on the 
left. 

lambo, -ere, , , lick, 

lap. 

lammina, -ae, f., layer, plate, plate 
of metal, metal. 

lancea, -ae, f., lance, spear; used 
properly of the light spear hurled 
with a leather thong, but often 
applied to the heavier darts. 

lanio, -are, -avi, -atus, [lanius, 
butcher], rend, tear, mangle, 
lacerate; tear into shreds. 

lapis, -idis, m., stone. 

lapsus, -us, [labor, glide], m., 
gliding, sliding. 

largus, -a, -um, adj., copious, plen- 
tiful, bountiful, abundant. 

late, [latus], adv., widely, exten- 
sively, far and wide. 

lateo, -ere, -ui, , lie hid, be 

hidden, be concealed. 

Latona, -ae, f., Latona, sl goddess, 
mother of Apollo and Diana. 

Latonus, -a, -um, adj., of Latona. 

latus, -a, -um, adj., wide, broad, 
extensive. 

latus, -eris, n., side, flank. 

laurus, -I, abl. lauru and lauro, f., 
laurel-tree, laurel, bay-tree. 

lavo, -are, lavi, lautus and lotus. 
wash, bathe, lave. 

lea, -ae, [cf. led], f., lioness. 

leaena, -ae, [cf. led], f., lioness. 



LEBINTHUS 



30 



LUCIFER 



Lebinthus, -i, f., Lebinthus, an 
island in the Aegean sea, one 
of the Sporades. 

lego, legere, legi, lectus, bring to- 
gether, collect, gather; select, choose, 
pass over, traverse, trace, follow. 

Lenaeus, -a, -urn, adj., of Bacchus 
as god of the wine-press ; 
Bacchic. 

lente, [lentus], adv., slowly, lei- 
surely; calmly. 

lentus, -a, -urn, [cf. lenis], adj., 
pliant, flexible. 

leo, -onis, m., lion. 

leto, -are, -avi, atus, [letum], 
kill, slay. 

letum, -I, n., death, destruction. 

levis, -e, adj., light; airy, shadowy; 
slight, trivial. 

levo, -are, -avi, -atus, [levis], 
lift up, raise; lighten. 

lex, legis, f., law, enactment; agree- 
ment, covenant; condition, stip- 
ulation, terms. 

Liber, -eri, m., Liber, a primitive 
Italian deity of planting and 
fructification, afterwards iden- 
tified with Bacchus ; Bacchus. 

libero, -are, -avi, -atus, [liber], set 
free, release, deliver. 

libo, -are, -avi, -atus, pour out as 
a libation, offer, make a drink 
offering. 

libro, -are, -avi, -atus, [libra], 
hold in poise, balance, poise. 

licet, licere, licuit and licitum 
est, impers., it is allowed, it is 
lawful, it is permitted; used to 
introduce a concessive subj., 
passing over into a conjunction, 
granted that f even if. 



ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind, tie, 
fasten. • 

limes, -itis, m., path, properly a 
path that crosses another, a 
cross-path; hence, road, way. 

lingua, -ae, f., tongue; language, 
utterance, speech; garrulity, boast- 
ful speech. 

linum, -i, n., flax; flaxen thread, 
thread, cord, rope. 

liquidus, -a, -um, [liqueo], adj., 
liquid; clear-flowing, clear, pure, 
limpid, transparent, bright. 

liquor, liqui, , , [liqueo], 

dep., flow, melt, dissolve. 

litus, -oris, n., sea-shore, shore, 
beach, strand. 

livens, -entis, [lived, be bluish], 
adj., bluish, dark blue, livid. 

locus, -i, pi. loci, -orum, when 
referring to single places, loca, 
-orum, when referring to places 
connected, as a region, m., place, 
spot; post, station, position; loca- 
tion, region, country. 

longe, comp. longius, sup. longis- 
sime, [longus], adv., far, afar; 
a long time, long; by far. 

longus, -a, -um, adj., long, ex- 
tended, far-reaching; prolonged, 
tedious; distant. 

loquor, loqui, locutus, dep., speak, 
say, talk; tell, mention. 

lorica, -ae, [lorum], f., leather 
corselet, leather cuirass, coat of 
mail, corselet. 

lucifer, -fera, -ferum, [lux, fero], 
adj., light-bearing, light-bringing. 
As subst., Lucifer, -i, m., Morn- 
ing-star, Lucifer, known to us as 
the planet Venus. 



I I r< TOR 



31 



MARS 



luctor, -ari, -atus, [lucta, wrestling], 
dep., wrestle; struggle, contend. 

luctus, -us, [lugeo, mourn), m., 
mourning, grief, sorrow; afflic- 
tion. 

lucus, -I, m., sacred grove, conse- 
crated grove; grove, wood, forest. 

lugubris, -e, [lugeo, mourn], adj., 
grieving, sorrowing; mournful, 
doleful. 

lumen, -inis, [luceo, shine], n., light; 
light of the eye, eye-sight, look, 
glance, eye. 

luna, -ae, [cf. luceo, shine], f., 
moon; moonlight. 

lusus, -us, [ludo, play], m., play- 
ing, play, game, sport. 

lux, lucis, [cf. luceo, shine], f., 
light, brightness; daylight, day; 
light of life, life. 

Lydus, -a, -um, adj., Lydian, of 
Lydia, a country in the western 
part of Asia Minor. 

lyra, -ae, f. , lyre, lute, a stringed 
instrument, said to have been 
invented by Mercury, and sacred 
to Apollo. 

M 

macro, -are, -avi, -atus, [mactus, 

honored], of religious service, 

offer, sacrifice, devote; hence, 

kill, slay, slaughter. 
madefacio, -facere, -feci, -f actus, 

[madeo -f facio], soak, steep, 

drench. 
madeo, -ere, -ui, , be wet, 

be moist, drip. 
madesco, -descere, -dui, , 

[madeo], inch., become wet, grow 

moist. 



madidus, -a, -um, [madeo], adj., 
moist, wet, drenched, dripping, 
soaked. 

maestus, -a, -um, [maereo, be 
sad], adj., sad, sorrowful. 

magis, [root mag in magnus], adv., 
in comp. degree, more; rather, 
in preference. 

magnus, -a, -um, comp. maior, 
sup. maximus, adj., great, vast, 
huge, wide, extended, large; grand, 
mighty; stately, lofty; eminent, 
powerful. 

maior, see magnus. 

male, [malus], comp. peius, sup. 
pessime, adv., ill, badly, wretch- 
edly; wickedly; scarcely, not 
at all. 

malum, -I, [malus], n., evil, mis- 
fortune, calamity; crime, sin. 

maneo, manere, mansi, mansurus, 
stay, remain, tarry, abide; con- 
tinue, last; await; fall to one's 
lot, befall, be destined to. 

mano, -are, -avi, -atus, drip, 
trickle, run, flow. 

manus, -us, f., hand. 

mare, -is, n., sea; water, flood. 

margo, -inis, m., edge, border; 
shore. 

maritus, -I, [mas], m., married man, 
husband; suitor, lover. 

marmor, -oris, n., marble, statue; 
stone. 

marmoreus, -a, -um, [marmor], 
adj., of marble, marble; marble- 
like. 

Mars, Martis, m., Mars, the 
Roman god of war, identified 
with the Greek Ares; war, 
battle; conflict, contest. 



MARTIUS 



32 



MINOS 



Martius, -a, -um, [Mars], adj., of 
Mars, sacred to Mars; warlike. 

massa, -ae, f., lump, mass. 

mater, -tris, f., mother; parent; 
origin, source, mother earth. 

maternus, -a, -um, [mater], adj., of 
a mother, a mother's, maternal. 

maturus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma- 
ture; of mature years, advanced 
in years. 

maximus, see magnus. 

medium, -I, [medius], n., middle, 
midst, center, interval. 

medius, -a, -um, adj., middle, in 
the middle, in the midst; midway, 
half way, half. 

medulla, -ae, [medius], f., marrow; 
heart, center. 

Medusa, -ae, f., Medusa, one of 
the Gorgons. 

Medusaeus, -a, -um, [Medusa], 
adj., of Medusa, Medusan. 

mel, mellis, n., honey. 

melior, see bonus. 

membrum, -I, n., limb, member; 
part, branch, portion. 

memoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [memor], 
bring to mind; mention; relate, 
recount, tell, speak of. 

mens, mentis, f., mind, intellect, 
soul; heart, spirit;' plan, purpose, 
design; boldness, courage. 

mensa, -ae, [mensus], f., table; 
meal, food, viands. 

mentior, -iri, -itus, dep., lie, de- 
ceive; lie about. 

Mercurius, -I, m., Mercury, the 
messenger of the gods, identified 
with the Greek Hermes. 

meritum, -i, [mered], n., merit, serv- 
ice, favor. 



meritus, -a, -um, [mereo], adj., 
deserving; deserved, just, due. 

merum, -i, [merus], n., unmixed 
wine, pure wine, without water. 

messis, -is, [meto], f., harvest, crop. 

metuo, -ere, — ui, , [metus], 

dread. 

metus, -us, m.,fear, dread; alarm, 
terror. 

meus, -a, -um, [me], poss. pron., 
adj., of me, mine, my, my own. 

mico, -are, -ui, , flash, glitter, 

gleam, sparkle, beam. 

Midas, -ae, m., Midas, a wealthy 
king of Phrygia, son of Gordius 
and Cybele. He was said to 
have been a pupil of Orpheus, 
and also a worshiper of Bac- 
chus, from whom he obtained 
the boon that whatsoever he 
touched might turn into 
gold. 

Minerva, -ae, f., Minerva, an 
Italian goddess identified with 
the Greek Athene. 

minimus, -a, -um, see parvus. 

minister, -tra, -trum, adj., attend- 
ing, ministering. As subst., mi- 
nister, -tri, m., attendant, servant, 
helper. 

minor, see parvus. 

Minos, ois, m., Minos, a mythical 
king of Crete, husband of Pasi- 
phae and father of Ariadne. 
For him the labyrinth was con- 
structed by Daedalus, to con- 
fine the Minotaur, a bull-headed 
monster, afterwards slain by 
Theseus. This Minos should 
be kept distinct from his grand- 
father Minos, also a king of 



MIRAMI.IS 



33 



MOS 



Crete, who after death was made 

a judge in the Underworld. 
mirabilis, -e, [mlror], adj., mar- 
velous, wonderful; extraordinary. 
miror, -ari, -atus, [minis], dep., 

wonder at, marvel; be amazed; 

admire. 
misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus, 

mix, mingle. 
miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched, 

miserable, unhappy, pitiable; poor. 
miserabilis, -e, [miseror], adj., 

pitiable, wretched, lamentable, 

miserable. 
miserandus, -a, -urn, [miseror], 

adj., pitiable, wretched. 
misereor, -eri, -itus, [miser], dep., 

have compassion, commiserate, 

have pity, pity. 
miseror, -ari, -atus, [miser], dep., 

deplore, lament; pity. 
mitis, -e, adj., mild; gentle, kind. 
mitto, mittere, misi, missus, send, 

despatch; put forth, send forth; 

hurl, cast, throw. 
moderor, -ari, -atus, [modus], dep., 

set bounds; regulate, ride, govern, 

guide, direct. 
modestus, -a, -urn, [modus], adj., 

keeping within bounds, moderate; 

modest. 
modo, [modus], adv. and conj. : 

(i) As adv., only, merely; 

just now, lately, recently, modo 

. . . modo, now . . . now, some- 
times . . . sometimes. 

(2) As conj., if only, provided 

that. 
modus, -i, m., measure; way, 

manner, method. 
moenia, -ium, n., pi., walls for 



defense, city walls, fortifications; 
walled town, city. 

molaris, -is, [mola, mill], m., 
mill-stone, large stone, huge rock. 

mollio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [mollis], 
soften, ease, lighten. 

mollis, -e, adj., supple, pliant, 
tender, delicate, soft. 

moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, remind, 
admonish, warn. 

monitus, -us, [moneo], m., warn- 
ing, admonition. 

mons, montis, m., mountain, moun- 
tain-range. 

monstrum, -i, [moneo], n., prodigy, 
monster. 

monumentum, -i, [moneo], n., 
memorial, monument; remem- 
brance. 

mora, -ae, f., delay, pause; cause 
of delay, hindrance. 

mordeo, mordere, momordi, mor- 
sus, bite. 

moribundus, -a, -um, [morior], 
adj., dying, at death's door. 

morior, mori, mortuus, dep., die, 
expire. 

moror, -ari, -atus, [mora], dep., 
delay, tarry, remain, linger. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

morsus, -us, [mordeo], m., biting, 
bite. 

mortalis, -e, [mors], adj., mortal, 
of a mortal. As subst., mortales, 
-ium, m., pi., mortals. 

mdrum, -i, n., mulberry; black- 
berry. 

morus, -i, f., mulberry-tree. 

mos, moris, m., manner, way; 
fashion; pi., mores, -um, man- 
ners, morals, often character. 



MOTUS 



34 



NEMUS 



motus, -us, [moveo], m., motion, 
movement, change. 

moved, movere, movi, motus, 
move, set in motion, strike, shake, 
stir; plow; affect; roughen. 

mox, adv., soon, presently; after- 
wards; thereupon, then, in the 
next place. 

mucro, -onis, m., point, edge, es- 
pecially of a sword ; sword's point, 
sword's edge; sword; sharpness, 
edge. 

mugitus, -us, [mugio], m., lowing, 
bellowing; rumbling, roaring. 

multo, [abl. n. of multus], adv., 
by much, much, far, by far. 

multum, [multus], adv., much, 
greatly, far; very. 

multus, -a, -um, comp. plus, sup. 
plurimus, adj., much, pi., many, 
in large numbers; abundant. 

mundus, -I, m., world; mankind, 
the world. 

munus, -eris, n., service; favor, 
kindness; present, gift; of the 
earth, fruit, fruits. 

murmur, -uris, n., murmur, roar. 

murus, -I, m., wall, city wall; 
bulwark. 

mutus, -a,-um, adj., dumb, speech- 
less; silent, mute, still. 

mutuus, -a, -um, [muto], adj., 
mutual, reciprocal, in exchange. 

N 

Nais, -adis, f., water-nymph, 
Naiad; nymph, Nereid. 

nam, conj., explanatory and causal, 
for. 

narro, -are, -avi, -atus, relate, re- 
port, recount, describe; tell, recite. 



nata, -ae, [natus], f., daughter. 
natalis, -e, [natus], adj., of birth, 

natal, native. 
natura, -ae, [nascor], indisposition, 

nature, inclination, character; law 

of nature, nature, world. 
natus, -a, -um, [nascor], adj., 

bom, produced, sprung from. 
natus, -I, [natus, adj.], m., child, 

son. 
navis, -is, f., ship. 
ne, adverb and conj., not, lest: 

(i) As adv., not. ne . . . 

quidem, not . . . even. 

(2) As conj., in order that 

not, that not, lest, for fear that. 
-ne, enclitic adv. and conj. : 

(1) As adv., purely interroga- 
tive and marking a direct ques- 
tion, untranslatable except in the 
inflection of the voice. 

(2) As conj., introducing an 
ndirect question, whether, -ne 

. an, -ne . . . -ne, whether 
. or. 

nee, or neque, [ne + que], adv. and 
conj., and not, also not, nor, nor 
yet, nor even, nor however, nee 
. . . nee, neither . . . nor. nee 
iam, no longer. 

need, -are, -avi, -atus, kill, slay, 
destroy. 

nego, -are, -avi, -atus, say no, 
deny, refuse, decline. 

nemo, , gen. and abl. sing. 

and the pi. not in use, being re- 
placed by forms from nullus, 
[ne + homo], m. and f., no one, 
none, nobody. 

nemus, -oris, n., wood, grove, 
forest. 



NEPOS 



35 



NOTUS 



nepos, -otis, m., grandson; de- 
scend a tit. 

nequlquam. [ne -f- old abl. of quis- 
quam], adv., in vain, to no pur- 
pose, vainly i fruitlessly. 

nervosus, -a, -um, [nervus], adj., 
si ut I 

nervus, -I, m., sinew; string of a 
bow, bow-string; of a musical 
instrument, string, chord. 

nescio,-ire,-ivior — ii, -itus, [ne -f 
scio], not know, be ignorant. 
nescio quis, / know not who, some. 

neu, see neve. 

neve, or neu, [ne -f ve], conj., 
and not, nor; and that not, and 
lest, and in order that not. 

nex, necis, [neco], f., death by 
violence, murder, slaughter. 

nexus, -us, found only in abl. 
sing, and pi. and in nom. pi., 
[necto], m., a binding together, 
entwining, embracing; clasp, fold, 
coil. 

ni, conj., [cf. ne], if not, unless, 
but that, except. 

nidus, -I, m., nest. 

niger, -gra, -grum, adj., black, 
dark; dusky, gloomy; deadly. 

nihil, nil, [ne + hilum, trifle], n., 
indecl., nothing; ace, often 
with, adverbial force, not at all, 
by no means. 

nil, see nihil. 

Ninus, -i, m., Ninus, a mythical 
king of Assyria, founder of 
Xineveh. 

Niobe, -es, f., Xiobe, daughter of 
Tantalus and wife of the Theban 
king Amphlon ; by her presump- 
tuous pride she caused the death 



of all her family, and was turned 
to stone. 

nisi, |ne + si], conj., if not, unless, 
except, save only. 

nitidus, -a, -um, [niteo, shine], 
adj., shining, bright; sleek; 
blooming. 

nitor, niti, nixus and nisus, dep., 
press upon; make an effort, 
struggle, endeavor; advance, as- 
cend, mount. 

niveus, -a, -um, [nix], adj., of 
snow, snowy; snow-white, bright. 

nix, nivis, f., snow. 

nocens, -entis, [noceo], adj., harm- 
ful, hurtful ; guilty, criminal. 

noceo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, harm, 
hurt, injure, do mischief. 

nocturnus, -a, -um, [nox], adj., 
of night, by night, nocturnal. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne + 

volo], not wish, not will, be un- 
willing. 

nomen, -inis, [cf. nosed], n., name; 
fame, renown. 

nomino, -are, -avi, -atus, [nomen], 
call by name, call, name; men- 
tion, report. 

non, adv., not, not at all, by no 
means. 

nondum, [non + dum], adv., not yet. 

noster, -tra, -trum, [nos], pass, 
pron., adj., our, ours, our own, 
of us; sometimes, my, mine. 

notitia, -ae, [notus], f., fame; 
acquaintance; knowledge. 

noto, -are, -avi, -atus, [nota, mark], 
mark; note, observe. 

notus, -a, -um, [nosco], adj., 
known, well-known, famous, com- 
mon, familiar. 



NOVITAS 



36 



OBSTO 



novitas, -atis, [novus], f., newness, 

novelty; strangeness. 
novo, -are, -avi, -atus, [novus], 

renew; change, alter. 
novus, -a, -um, adj., new, recent, 

fresh, young; unfamiliar, strange, 

unusual; last, latest. 
nox, noctis, f., night; nightfall; 

darkness. 
nubes, -is, f., cloud. 
nudus, -a, -um, adj., naked, bare, 

uncovered, exposed; destitute, 

without; mere, only. 
nullus, -a, -um, gen. nullius, [ne + 

ullus], adj., not any, none, no. 

As subst., nullus, -lus, m., 

nobody, no one, no man. 
numen, -inis, [nuo, nod], n., 

divine will, divine power, divinity, 

deity, god; divine regard. 
numerus, -I, m., number; large 

number, multitude. 
numquam, [ne + umquam], adv., 

never, at no time, by no 

means. 
nunc, adv., now, at this time, 

at present, at the present time; 

under these circumstances, nunc 

. . . nunc, now . . . now, at one 

time . . . at another. 
nupta, -ae, [nubo, veil one's self], f., 

bride. 
nurus, -us, f., daughter-in-law; 

young woman. 
nusquam, [ne + usquam], adv., no- 
where, in no place. 
nuto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 

nuo, nod], nod, sway to and fro, 

shake; wave. 
nutus, -us, [nuo, nod], m., nod; 

assent. 



nux, nucis, f., nut; collectively, 
dish of nuts, nuts. 

nympha, -ae, f., bride, young 
woman; especially in pi., 
nymphs, half-divine, beautiful 
beings inhabiting the sea, rivers, 
brooks, springs, forests, and 
mountains. 



O, interj., 01 oh! 

ob, prep, with ace, towards, on 
account of, for, by reason of. 

In composition ob is usually 
assimilated before c, g, f, p, but 
remains unchanged before other 
letters. It adds the meaning 
towards, at, before, or against. 

obitus, -us, [ob + eo], m., a going 
down, setting, downfall, death. 

oblino, -liner e, -levi, -litus, [ob 
+ lino], besmear, smear, stain. 

obliviscor, -visci, oblitus, dep., 
forget; disregard, neglect. 

oborior, -in, obortus, [ob + orior], 
dep., arise, appear, lacrimis ob- 
ortis, with rising tears. 

obscurus, -a, -um, adj., dark, 
dusky, dim; indistinct, un- 
intelligible. 

obsero, -serere, -sevi, -situs, [ob 
+ sero], sow, plant; cover, strew. 

obsitus, see obsero. 

obstipesco, -ere, obstipui, , 

inch.', be astounded, stand amazed, 
be stupefied. 

obsto, -stare, -stiti, -status, [ob 
+ sto], stand in the way, be in 
the way; withstand, oppose, hin- 
der. 



OBSTRUO 



37 



OKI 



obstruo, -struere, -struxi, struc 
tus, [ob + struo], build up, close 

up, make impassable; hinder, 
obstr 

obvius, -a, -um, [ob + via], adj., 
in : meeting, so as to 

opposite, obvius undis. 
up stream. 

occido, -cidere, -cidi, , [ob + 

cado],/a// down, fall; die, perish, 
be slain; of heavenly bodies, 
go down, set. 

occupo, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob, cf. 
capio], take possession of, seize, 
gain, win; fall upon, surprise, 
attack. 

occurro, -currere, -currl, occur- 
surus, [ob + curro], run to, run 
to meet, meet, encounter; rush 
upon, attack; occur. 

ocior, ocius. adj. in comp. degree, 
sup. ocissimus, swifter, more 
rapid, fleeter. 

oculus, -i, m., eye. 

odi. odisse, def., hate; dislike. 

odor, -oris, m., smell, scent, odor; 
fragrance, perfume; stench. 

odoratus, -a, -um, [odoro, make 
fragrant], adj., scented, sweet- 
smelling, fragrant. 

officium, -I, [for opiflcium, from 
ops, facio], n., service, kind- 
ness, favor, courtesy; duty, obliga- 
tion. 

olim, [connected with ollus, old 
form of ille], adv., at that time, 
formerly, once, long since; at 
times; of the future, some time, 
some day. 

omen, -inis, n., omen, sign, token. 

omnis, -e, adj., all, every, entire; 



all sorts of. As subst., omnes, 
-ium, m. and L, pi., all nun, all; 
omnia, -ium, n., every thing, all 
thin 

onero, -are, -avi, -atus, [onus], 

load, burden, fill ; oppress. 

opacus, -a, -um, adj., shaded; 
shady; shadowy, dark, obscure. 

operio, -Ire, -ui, opertus, cover, 
cover over; shut, close; hide, 
conceal. 

opifex, -icis, [opus + facio], m. and 
f., worker, workman, artisan. 

ops, opis, nom. and dat. sing, not 
in use, f., aid, assistance, help, 
support; property, riches, means, 
resources, treasure, wealth. 

optatus, -a, -um, [opto], adj., de- 
sired. As subst., optatum, -I, n., 
desire, wish. 

optimus, see bonus. 

opto, -are, -avi, -atus, wish, desire, 
wish for, long for. 

opus, -eris, n., work, task, labor, 
toil; building; in phrases with 
sum, necessity; as opus est, it 
is necessary, there is need of, often 
followed by the abl. 

ora, -ae, f., edge, border, margin; 
coast, sea-coast; territory, re- 
gion, country. 

oraculum, often in poetry, orac- 
lum, -i, [oro], n., oracle, re: ela- 
tion, prophecy. 

orbis, -is, m., ring, circle; coil, 
fold; orb, disk; wheel; with or 
without terrae or terrarum, earth, 
world. 

orbus, -a, -um, adj., deprived, 
destitute; bereaved, childless, fa- 
therless. 



ORDO 



38 



PAR 



ordo, -inis, m., row, line, order, 
rank, series, array. 

orgia, -orum, n., orgies, rites of 
Bacchus, celebrated by night, 
Bacchic orgies; secret revels. 

oriens, -entis, [orior], m., rising sun, 
morning sun; East, Orient; day. 

origo, -inis, [orior], f., source, 
origin; descent, birth, lineage; 
race, family, stock; founder, an- 
cestor, creator. 

Orion, -onis, m., Orion, a con- 
stellation (formerly a mythical 
giant on earth). 

orior, -iri, ortus, dep., arise, rise, 
become visible; spring, descend; 
be born, be descended. 

oro, -are, -avi, -atus, [6s, mouth], 
speak; argue, plead, entreat, im- 
plore, beseech. 

Orpheus, -ei or -eos, ace. -eum, 
-ea or -ea, m., Orpheus, a 
mythical singer of Thrace, son 
of Apollo and Calliope. 

Orpheus, -a, -um, adj., of Orpheus, 
Orpheus's. 

ortus, -us, [orior], m., rise; be- 
ginning, origin, source, ortus 
solis, sunrise; east. 

6s, oris, n., mouth, lips; face, 
look, countenance, features ; head; 
voice, speech, language; orifice, 
aperture, entrance. 

os, ossis, n., bone; marrow. 

osculum, -i, [6s], n., little mouth, 
pretty mouth; kiss. 

ostendo, -ere, -di, -tus, [obs, 
old form of ob, + tendo], spread 
before; show, disclose, manifest, 
point out; make known, tell, 
declare. 



paciscor, pacisci, partus, dep., 

agree on, bargain, covenant, stipu- 
late. 

Pactolus, -i, m., Pactolus, a river 
in Lydia famous for its golden 
sands. 

pactum, -i, [partus], n., agreement, 
stipulation, contract, compact, cove- 
nant. 

paene, adv., almost, nearly. 

palaestra, -ae, f., wrestling- school, 
gymnasium, palaestra; wrestling, 
wrestling-match. 

palatum, -i, n., palate. 

Pallas, -adis and -ados, f., Pallas, 
a name often given to Athene, who 
was identified with the Roman 
Minerva; as the olive was sacred 
to her, by metonymy, olive-tree, 
olive-oil, oil. 

palleo, -ere, -ui, , be 



be yellow; change color, fade. 

pallesco, -lescere, -lui, , 

[palleo], inch., grow pale, turn 
yellow; of foliage, wither. 

pallidus, -a, -um, [palleo], adj., 
pale, pallid, ghastly, colorless. 

palma, -ae, f., palm of the hand, 
hand; palm-tree, palm, date; 
palm-wreath, prize. 

pando, pandere, pandi, passus and 
pansus, unfold, expand; reveal, 
explain, make known. 

Panope, -es, f., Panope, or Pano- 
peus, a city in Phocis, east of 
Delphi, near the border of 
Boeotia. 

par, paris, adj., equal, like; well- 
matched; suitable. 



PARATUS 



39 



PAUCUS 



paratus, -us, [parol, m., prepara- 
tion, outfit. 

Parca, -ae, [parco], f., goddess 
of Fate, usually in pi., Parcae, 
-arum, the Fates, three in num- 
ber. 

parco, parcere, peperci and parsi, 
parsurus, spare; use e are} idly; 
abstain, eease, refrain, stop. 

parens, parentis, [pario], m. and f., 
parent, father, mother; ancestor, 
progenitor. 

pareo, -ere, -ui, , appear, be 

visible; obey, submit, comply; of 
promises, satisfy, fulfill. 

paries, -etis, m., house wall, wall. 

parilis, -e, [par], adj., equal, like. 

pario, parere, peperi, paritus and 
partus, bring forth, give birth to; 
acquire, obtain, secure, procure, 
get, gain. 

pariter, [par], adv., equally, alike; 
at the same time, at once, together. 

paro, -are, -avi, -atus, make ready, 
prepare, provide; get ready; in- 
tend; procure, acquire. 

Paros, -I, f., Par os, an island in 
the Aegean sea, in the group 
of Cyclades, west of Naxos ; 
famous for the fine marble found 
there. 

pars, partis, f., part, portion, share; 
several, some; party, side; region, 
country; direction, ab utraque 
parte, on both sides. 

parum, comp. minus, sup. minime, 
[cf. parvus], adv., too little, not 
enough, insufficiently ; comp. less, 
too little; sup. least. 

parvus, -a, -um, comp. minor, 
sup. minimus, adj., little, small, 



slig hi , inCO ns id era hlr, ins ig n ifi- 
cant. 

pasco, pascere, pavi, pastus, / 
nourish; pasture; feast; pas 
pascor, -i, pastus, often with 
reflex, sense, be fed, feed; of 
animals, graze, pasture. 

passus, -a, -um, see patior. 

passus, -us, [pando], m., step, 
footstep; track, trace. 

pastor, -oris, [pasco], m., shepherd, 
herdsman. 

patefacio, -facer e, -feci, -f actus, 
[pateo + facio], open up, lay 
open; disclose, bring to light. 

pateo, -ere, -ui, , lie open, 

be open, stand open; be exposed; 
extend; be evident, be clear, ap- 
pear. 

pater, -tris, m., father; pi., fathers, 
forefathers, ancestors; elders, sen- 
ators. 

paternus, -a, -um, [pater], adj., 
of a father, father's, paternal; of 
one's native country, of the father- 
land. 

patior, pati, passus, dep., suffer, 
bear, endure, undergo; allow, 
permit. 

patria, -ae, [patrius], f., father- 
land, native place; dwelling- 
place, home. 

patrius, -a, -um, [pater], adj., of 
a father, a father's, fatherly; an- 
cestral, family. 

paucus, -a, -um, adj., few, small, 
little. PL as subst., pauci, 
-orum, and paucae, -arum, 
m. and f., few, only a few; pauca, 
-orum, a few things, a few 
words. 



PAULATIM 



40 



PERSEQUOR 



paulatim, [paulum], adv., little by 
little K by degrees, gradually. 

paulum, [paulus], adv., a little, 
somewhat; awhile. 

pavidus, -a, -um, [paveo], adj., 
trembling, quaking, timid, shy. 

pax, pacis, f., peace, treaty, recon- 
ciliation; concord, harmony, tran- 
quillity, rest, quiet. 

pecco, -are, -avi, -atus, make a 
mistake; commit a crime, sin, 
do wrong. 

pectus, -oris, n., breast; heart, 
soul; mind; character, person. 

peior, -us, see malus. 

pelagus, -I, n., sea. 

pellis, -is, f., skin, hide, pelt; 
leather. 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsus, strike, 
beat; drive away, banish; dis- 
miss, dispel; of a musical instru- 
ment, strike, touch, play. 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, , 

[pendo], hang, be suspended, 
float, hover, overhang; be depend- 
ent; be in suspense, hesitate. 

pendo, pendere, pependi, pensus, 
suspend; weigh out, pay, suffer; 
weigh, ponder, value. 

penna, -ae, f., feather, plume; 
pi., wing. 

per, prep, with ace., through; 
of space, through, across, along, 
over, among; of time, through, 
during; of agency, means, and 
manner, through, by, by means of; 
in oaths, in the name of, by. In 
composition, through, thoroughly, 
perfectly, completely, very much, 
very. 

perago, -agere, -egi, -actus, [per 



+ ago], drive through, transfix; 
pass through, traverse; complete, 
finish, carry out; relate, describe. 

percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, 
[per + capio], take wholly, seize, 
assume, take on; observe, learn, 
know; feel, enjoy. 

percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cussus, 
[per + quatio, shake], strike 
through, pierce, transfix; strike 
hard, smite, kill, slay; hit, beat. 

perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [per 
+ do], destroy, ruin; squander, 
lose. *■ 

peregrinus, -a, -um, [per + ager], 
adj., strange, foreign, alien. 

pererro, -are, -avi, -atus, [per + 
erro], wander through, wander 
over, roam through. 

periculum and periclum, -I, n., 
trial, attempt; risk, danger, peril. 

perimo, -imere, -emi, -emptus, 
[per + emo], cut off, destroy, kill. 

permaturesco, -ere, -maturul, , 

[per + maturesco, become ripe], 
inch., become f idly ripe, ripen fully. 

permitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, 
[per + mitto], let go, hurl; allow, 
permit. 

perodi, -odisse, -osus, [per + odi], 
def., hate greatly, detest, be dis- 
gusted with. 

perquiro, -ere, , -quisitus, 

[per + quaero], inquire diligently 
after, make thorough search for. 

Persephone, -es, f., the Greek name 
for Proserpina. 

persequor, -sequi, -secutus, [per 
+ sequor], follow persistently, 
follow after, pursue; perform, ac- 
complish; set forth, relate. 



PERSEUS 



11 



PI. MAS 



Perseus, -ei and -eos, ace. Persea, 
rn., Perseus, son of Jupiter and 
Danae, one of the most famous 
of the Greek heroes. 

pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ventus, 
[per + venio], come through to, 
arrive, reach; attain. 

pes, pedis, m., foot. 

pestifer, -era, -erum, [pestis + 
fero], adj., pestilential, destruc- 
tive, baleful. 

peto, petere, petivi and -ii, petitus, 
strive for, aim at, seek; attack, 
assail; demand, require; beg, 
beseech, entreat; ask in marriage, 
woo, court. 

Phaedimus, -i, m., Phacdimus, one 
of the sons of Amphion and 
Niobe. 

pharetra, -ae, f., quiver. 

Phoebe, -es, f., Phoebe, sister of 
Phoebus, goddess of the moon, 
identified sometimes with Ar- 
temis, and usually with the 
Roman Diana. 

Phoebeus, -a, -urn, [Phoebus], 
adj., of Phoebus, of Apollo, 
Phoebean. 

Phoebus, -i, m., Phoebus, Apollo, 
as god of light; sun. 

Phoenices, -urn, m., Phoenicians. 

Phoenix, -icis, Phoenix, one of the 
sons of Agenor. 

Phorcynis, -idos and -idis. 
[Phorcus], f., daughter of Phorcus 
(son of Xeptune), Medusa. 

Phryges, -urn, m., Phrygians, 
inhabitants of Phrygia. 

Phrygia, -ae, f., Phrygia, a country 
in the western part of Asia 
Minor. 



Phrygius, -a, -um, adj., of Phrygia, 
Phrygian; of Troy, Trojan. 

Phryx, -ygis, adj., of Phrygia, Phry- 
gian. 

pictus, -a, -um, [pingo, paint], adj., 
colored, many-colored; embroid- 
ered, decorated. 

pignus, -oris and -eris, n., pledge, 
security; token; pledge of love, 
child. 

piscis, -is, m., fish. 

pius, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, con- 
scientious, devout, religious; de- 
voted, especially to *kindred ; 
faithful, loving, filial. 

placeo, -ere, -ui, placiturus, please, 
be pleasing, give pleasure, suit, 
satisfy; often impers., placet, 
-ere, -itum est, it pleases, it is 
agreed, it is decided. 

placidus, -a, -um, [placeo], adj., 
gentle, quiet, steady, calm, still, 
serene, placid. 

plaga, -ae, f., blow, stroke, thrust. 

plango, plangere, planxi, planctus, 
strike, beat, especially in lamen- 
tation ; wail, lament, bewail. 

plangor, -oris, [plango], m., strik- 
ing, beating, especially of the 
breast in sorrow ; wailing, lamen- 
tation, shriek of grief or pain. 

planus, -a, -um, adj., level, flat. 

plausus, -us, [plaudo], m., clap- 
ping of hands, applause. 

plebs, plebis, and plebes, -ei or 
-i, f., common people, commons, 
populace, lower class; mass, 
throng, multitude. 

Pleias, -adis, f., Pleiad, one of 
the seven stars forming the con- 
stellation Pleiades ; pi., Pleiades, 



PLENUS 



42 



POSTQUAM 



-urn, Pleiades, sail to have been 
daughters of Atlas and Pleione, 
and to have killed themselves 
because of grief at the death of 
their sisters the Hyades; there- 
upon they were transferred to 
the heavens. 

plenus, -a, -um, [cf. pleo], adj., 
full, filled; sated j laden; abound- 
ing, rich. 

pluma, -ae, f., feather, plume; 
plumage. 

plumbum, -I, n., lead; leaden ball, 
bullet. 

plurimus, -a, -um, [plus], see 
multus. 

plus, pluris, see multus. 

poena, -ae, f., penalty, punishment, 
retribution, vengeance. 

pollex, -icis, m., thumb. 

pollicitum, -I, [polliceor, promise], 
n., promise, pledge, assur- 
ance. 

polus, -I, m., pole of the heavens; 
heavens, sky, vault of heaven. 

pomum, -I, n., fruit of a tree, used 
of apples, pomegranates, mul- 
berries, etc. 

pondus, -eris, [pendo], n., weight; 
burden, load; importance, in- 
fluence. 

pono, ponere, posui, positus, 
place, set, put, lay, fix, station; 
set up, . erect, build; lay aside, 
take of; lay out for burial, bury; 
allay, quiet; reckon, consider; 
assert, maintain; propose, offer; 
put away, dismiss. 

pontus, -I, m., sea. 

poples, -itis, m., hollow of the knee, 
knee. 



populus, -I, m., people, nation; 
multitude; host, throng. 

porta, -ae, f., gate of a city, gate, 
entrance. 

portitor, -oris, [porto], m., carrier, 
especially ferryman, boatman. 

porto, -are, -avi, -atus, carry, 
convey, bring, take. 

portus, -us, [cf. porta], m., harbor, 
haven, port; retreat. 

posco, poscere, poposci, , 

ask with urgency, demand, re- 
quest, beg. 

possideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessus, 
[por- for pro + sedeo], possess, 
be master of, own; hold possession 
of, occupy. 

possum, posse, potui, [potis + 
sum], be able, can, have 
power. 

post, prep, with ace, after; of 
place, behind; of time, after, 
since; of other relations, after, 
inferior to, beneath, next to. 

posterus, -a, -um, nom. sing. m. 
not found, comp. posterior, sup.' 
postremus, [post], ad)., following, 
coming after, subsequent, future. 
As subst., poster!, -orum, m., pi., 
descendants j posterity. Comp., 
posterior, -us, later, inferior, 
less important. Sup., postremus, 
-a, -um, last, hindmost; lowest, 
worst. 

postis, -is, m., door-post; pi., 
door. 

postpono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tus, [post + pono], put after, 
esteem less; neglect, disregard. 

postquam, [post + quam], conj., 
after, as soon as, when. 



POTI NS 



13 



PREN 



potens, -entis, [possum], adj., 
able, strong, powerful^ mighty; 

ruling, controlling; capable, in- 
fluential. 

prae, prop, with abl., before, in 
front of; in com pari son with, 
in view of; by reason of, on 
account of, because of. In com- 
position, before, very. 

praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [prae + 
habeo], hold forth, offer; present, 
give, supply, grant, permit. 

praeceps, -cipitis, [prae -f caput], 
adj., headlong, head foremost, in 
haste; steep, precipitous; rush- 
ing, violent; rash, hasty. 

praeceptum, -I, [praecipio, ad- 
monish], n., precept; injunction, 
direction, order. 

praecipito, -are, -avi, -atus, [prae- 
ceps], cast headlong, hurl down, 
hasten, hurry; rush headlong, 
rush down, fall, sink, drop. 

praecordia, -orum, [prae + cor], 
n., diaphragm; stomach, breast, 
heart. 

praecutio, -ere, , , [prae 

-f- quatio, shake], shake before, 
brandish in front. 

praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, [prae 
-f fero], bear before; place before, 
set before, prefer; be superior; 
manifest, reveal. 

praefigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixus, 
[prae + figo], fix in front of, 
set up before, affix. 

praemium, -I, [prae, cf. emo], n., 
reward, recompense; prize, plun- 
der, booty. 

praepes, -petis, [prae + peto], adj., 
swift of flight, swift-winged. As 



subst., praepes, petis, m. and 

I"., bird. 

praepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
tus, [prae + pono], place be- 
fore, place over, appoint; set l><- 
forc, consider superior to, pre- 
frr. 

praescius, -a, -um, [prae, cf. scio], 
adj., fore-knowing, prescient, fore- 
seeing, sensing. 

praesignis, -e, [prae + signum], 
adj., preeminent, distinguished, 
marked, remarkable, conspicu- 
ous. 

praestans, -antis, [praesto], adj., 
preeminent, distinguished, supe- 
rior, excelling, surpassing. 

praetendo, -tendere, -tendi, prae- 
tentus, [prae + tendo], stretch 
out, hold before, present; pretend, 
allege, ofer as pretext. 

praeter, [prae], prep, with ace, 
past, by, in front of, along; con- 
trary to, against; except, besides. 
In composition, past, by, beyond, 
besides. 

precor, -ari, -atus, [cf. prex], 
dep., entreat, pray, supplicate, 
beg, beseech; invoke. 

prehendo or prendo, -ere, -dl, 
-sus, lay hold of, grasp, seize; 
catch, hold, detain. 

premo, premere, press!, pressus, 
press; press upon, rest on; press 
home, press hard, pursue closely, 
attack; cover, hide; crown, 
adorn; press down; mark, stamp; 
compress, close, shut; overwhelm, 
crush, restrain, check; urge. 

prendo, see prehendo. 

prensus, -a, -um, see prehendo. 



PRESSUS 



44 



PROPE 



pressus, -a, -urn, [premo], adj., 
closed, shut; repressed, restrained, 
retarded, sloiv. 

pretium, -i, n., price, value, worth; 
reward, prize, recompense, return. 
grande morae pretium, well 
worth the delay. 

prex, precis, nom. and gen. sing, 
unused, [cf. precor], f., prayer, 
petition, entreaty; imprecation, 
curse. 

primo, [primus], adv., at first, first, 
in the first place. 

primum, [primus], adv., at first, 
in the first place, first; in the be- 
ginning; for the first time, ut 
primum, as soon as. 

primus, see prior. 

prior, -us, gen. -oris, adj. in the 
comp. degree, sup. primus, for- 
mer, prior, first. As subst., 
priores, -um, forefathers, ances- 
tors, men of old. Sup., primus, 
-a, -um, first, foremost; chief; 
noble, eminent, distinguished. 

prius, [prior], adv. in the comp. 
degree, sooner, before; previously; 
first; prius quam, sooner than, 
earlier than, before. 

pro, prep, with abl., before, in front 
of, in the presence of; for, in be- 
half of; instead of, in place of, in 
return for, for, equivalent to, just 
the same as, as; in comparison 
with, according to, because of, 
on account of. In composition, 
before, forwards, for. 

procer, -eris, m., nobleman; pi., 
leading men, chief men, nobles, 
princes. 

procul, adv., afar off, at a distance, 



far, far away; from a distance, 
from afar. 

procumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, -cu- 
bitus, fall forward, sink down, 
fall, lie prostrate; go to ruin. 

produco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductus, 
[pro + duco], lead forth, bring out; 
bring forth, bear, produce; raise, 
advance. 

proelium, -i, n., battle, strife, con- 
test. 

proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectus, 
[pro + facio], make progress, ad- 
vance, succeed; accomplish, effect, 
help, avail. 

proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus, [pro- 
ficio], dep., set out, start, go, de- 
part, proceed; spring from, arise. 

profugus, -a, -um, [profugio], adj., 
fleeing, fugitive, in flight, exiled. 
As subst., profugus, -i, m., 
fugitive, exile. 

prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [pro + 
habeo], hold back, hold, restrain, 
check, repress; hinder, prevent; 
forbid, prohibit. 

proles, -is, f., offspring, children, 
race, posterity, descendants; de- 
scendant, child, son. 

promitto, -mittere, -misi, pro- 
missus, [pro + mitto], promise, 
assure; lead to expect. 

promptus, -a, -um, [promo], adj., 
ready, at hand, prompt; inclined, 
disposed; easy. 

pronus, -a, -um, adj., bent forward, 
leaning forward, inclined, lean- 
ing, sloping; setting, sinking; of 
time, hastening, hurrying. 

prope, comp. propius, sup. proxi- 
me, adv., near, near by, nearly, 



PROPKRO 



i:> 



QU \ 



almost; nigh; often having the 

force of a preposition and fol- 
lowed by the ace, near, near to, 
almost to, in the vicinity of. 
Comp., propius, nearer. Sup., 
proxime, next, nearest. 

propero, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro- 
perus, quick], make haste, hasten, 
hurry; quicken, accelerate. 

propior, -us, gen., -oris, adj. in 
comp. degree, sup. proximus, 
nearer, closer; later, more recent; 
of greater importance. Sup., 
proximus, -a, -um, n ear est, next, 
closest; latest, last, most recent; 
most important. 

propius, see prope. 

prosilio, -ire, -ui, , [pro -f- 

salio], leap or dart forth. 

protinus, [pro -f- tenus], adv., for- 
ward; directly, continuously; 
straightway, immediately, forth- 
with. 

proturbo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro + 
turbo], drive away; lay low, 
prostrate, cast down. 

proximus, -a, -um, see propior. 

pruina, -ae, f., hoar-frost, frost. 

pruinosus, -a, -um, [pruina], adj., 
frosty, frost-covered. 

puella, -ae, [dim. of puer], f., 
girl, maiden, young woman. 

puer, -eri, m., boy, lad, youth, 
properly used of boys and young 
men till they reached the seven- 
teenth year. 

pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna], 
fight, give battle; contend, dis- 
pute; struggle, strive. 

pulcher, -chra, -chrum, comp. 
pulchrior, sup. pulcherrimus, 



adj., beautiful, handsome, lovely, 
fair; fine, excellent; noble, hon- 
orable; illustrious, glorious. 
pullus, -a, -um, adj., dark-colored^ 

dusky. 
pulmo, -onis, m., lung; usually in 
pi., lungs. 

pulso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
pello], beat, strike, dash against; 
drive, urge on. 

pulvis, -eris, m., dust; arena, effort, 
toil. 

Puniceus, -a, -um, [Punicus], 
adj., Punic, Carthaginian; red- 
dish, red, purple. 

Punicus, -a, -um, [Poeni], adj., 
Punic, Carthaginian; because 
of the connection of the Car- 
thaginians with the Phoenicians, 
the makers of purple, purple-red, 
purple. 

purus, -a, -um, adj., clean, pure, 
unstained, undefiled; clear, un- 
mixed. 

puto, -are, -avi, -atus, estimate, 
esteem, value, deem, regard; think, 
judge, consider, believe, suppose. 

pyra, -ae, f., funeral pyre, on which 
a dead body was burned. 

Pyramus, -i, m., Pyramus, a 
Babylonian youth, lover of 
Thisbe. 



qua [abl. fern, of qui], adv., on 

which side, in what direction, 
where; in what manner, how; to 
what extent, as far as; after ne, 
on any side, in any way, to any 
extent, in any degree. 



QUADRUPES 



46 



QUIN 



quadrupes, -pedis, [quattuor + 
pes], adj., having four feet. As 
subst., quadrupes, -pedis, m., 
quadruped ; four-footed charger. 

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quae- 
situs, seek, look for, strive to 
obtain; earn, acquire, get, gain; 
miss, need; demand, require; 
inquire, ask. 

qualis, -e, [cf. quis], pron. adj., of 
what sort; of such sort, such. 
talis . . . qualis, such . . . as. 

quam, [qui], adv. and conj., how 
much, how, as; just as, even as; 
after comparatives, than, quam 
primum, as soon as possible; 
quam diu, as long as. quam 
maximum, as much as possible. 
tarn . . . quam, so . . . as . 

quamquam, conj., though, although; 
and yet, however. 

quamvis, [quam + vis from volo], 
adv. and conj., as much as you 
will, however much; however, al- 
though. 

quantum, [quantus], adv., so much 
as, so far as; how much, how far, 
as. 

quantus, -a, -um, pron. adj., cor- 
relative with tantus, how great, 
how much, as; as much as, as 
great as. As subst., quantum, 
-I, n., how much, as much as, all 
that, quanto, by how much, the 
more. 

quasi, [quam + si], adv., as if, as 
though, just as if; just as, as. 

quater, [cf. quattuor], num. adv., 
four times. 

quatio, quatere, , quassus, 

shake, flap; crush, break. 



quattuor, num. adj., indecl., four. 

-que, enclitic conj., and. -que 
. . .-que, -que. . . atque, et. . . 
-que, both . . . and, as well . . . 
as. 

quercus, -us, f., oak tree, oak; 
garland of oak-leaves, garland. 

querella, -ae, [queror], f., lament, 
complaint. 

queror, queri, questus, dep., com- 
plain, lament; bewail. 

qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, inter, 
adj. pron., which? what? what 
sort of? 

qui, quae, quod, gen. cuius, rel. 
pron., who, which, what, that; 
at the beginning of a clause often 
best rendered by he, she, it, they; 
and this, etc. 

qui, quae, quod, indef. adj. pron., 
used after si, nisi, ne, and num, 
any. 

quia, conj., because, sin 

quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 
cumque, [qui + cumque], indef. 
rel. pron., whoever, whatever, 
whichever; any whatever, every, all. 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam, and as 
adj., quoddam, [quis], indef. pron., 
a certain, a certain one, some one, 
something. 

quidem, adv., indeed, in fact, cer- 
tainly; at least, yet. ne . . . qui- 
dem, setting off an emphatic 
word, not . . . even. 

quin, [old abl. qui + ne], adv. and 
conj., that not, but that, but, 
without; after words of doubting, 
that; after words of hindering 
translate by from with a parti- 
ciple, quin etiam, moreover. 



QUINQl'E 



47 



RECIDO 



quinque, num. adj., five, 

quis, , quid, inter, pron., 

who? which f what? ace. n. 
quid, often with an adverbial 
force, why f 

quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used 
after si, nisi, ne, and num, any 
one, any, anything. 

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, 
indef. pron., any; often as 
s\ibst.,any one, anybody, anything. 
quicquam, as adv., in any way, 
at all. 

quisque, quaeque, quidque, and 
as adj., quodque, indef. pron., 
tacky every, every one, everything. 

quisquis, , quicquid, and 

as adj., quodquod, indef. rel. 
pron., whoever, whatever, every 
one who, all who, everything whiofc 

quo, [old dat. and abl. of qui], 
adv. and conj. : 

(i) As adv., whither? to what 
place ? whither, where, at what 
time, when; with comparatives. 
by what, by as much as, the; 
of result, wherefore, whereby, 
and so. 

(2) As conj., usually with 
comparatives, that, in order that, 
that thereby, quo minus, that 
not, usually best translated by 
from with a participle. 

quod, [ace. neut. of qui], conj., 
that, the fact that; because, since, 
inasmuch as; so far as. quod 
si, but if. 

quondam, [quom, old form of cum], 
adv., once on a time, at one time, 
once, formerly, at times, some- 
times. 



quoniam, [quom, old form of cum 
-h iam], conj., since, seeing that, 
whereas, because. 

quoque, conj., placed after the 
emphatic word, also, too, even. 



R 



radio, -are, 



-, and dep. 



radior, -ari, — atus, [radius], 

flash, beam, gleam, shine. 

radius, -i, m., rod; of a wheel, 
spoke; of light, ray, beam; as a 
weaver's tool, shuttle. 

radix, -icis, f., root; as a garden 
vegetable, radish; foot, founda- 
tion, base. 

rado, -ere, rasi, rasus, scrape, 
scratch. 

rarpitgj -I m., branch, bough, limb. 

rapfdu^ -a, -urn, [rapid], adj., 
violent, fierce; impetuous, rush- 
ing, swift, rapid; of flame, de- 
vouring, consuming. 

rapina, -ae, [rapid], f., robbery, 
plundering, carrying of, seizure; 
plunder, prey. 

rapio, -ere, rapui, raptus, catch 
quickly, seize, snatch, tear away, 
carry of; rob, ravage, plunder, 
lay waste; abduct; overwhelm, 
destroy. 

re- or red-, inseparable particle, 
adding the meaning of again, 
back, anew, against. 

recens, -entis, adj., fresh, young, 
recent, new; modem; vigorous. 

recido or reccido, -ere, reccidi or 
recidi, recasurus, [re- + cado], 
fall back, return, recoil; fall, 
sink; be handed over. 



RECIPIO 



48 



REMITTO 



recipio, -ere, recepi, receptus, 
[re- + capio], receive back, re- 
gain, recover; receive, welcome, 
acquire, gain, se recipere, to 
withdraw, to retire. 

recondo, -ere, recondidi, recon- 
ditus, [re- + condo], put back; 
shut up, conceal; shut, close, 
cover, bury. 

rector, -oris, [rego], m., director, 
ruler, master, leader; of a ship, 
steersman, helmsman, pilot. 

rectus, -a, -um, [rego], adj., 
straight, upright; correct, proper, 
befitting; just, virtuous, moral, 

reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditus, 
[red — j- do], give back, return, 
restore; render, make; give up, 
deliver; give forth, produce, utter; 
imitate, represent, express; pay 
back, requite, punish, revenge; 
reply, exchange; report, declare; 
grant, surrender, resign. 

redeo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [red- + 
eo], go back, return, appear again, 
come back; be restored. 

redigo, -igere, -egi, -actus, [red- 
+ ago], drive back, lead back, 
force back, bring back; reduce; 
make, render, cause to be. 

refero, -ferre, retuli, relatus, 
[re- + fero], bring back, carry 
back; give back, restore, repay; 
reply, answer; present again, 
repeat, reproduce; report, relate, 
propose, se referre, to betake 
one's self back, return, pedem 
referre, withdraw, retreat. 

refugus, -a, -um, [refugio], adj., 
receding, disappearing, vanishing. 

regia, -ae, [regius], f., royal palace, 



palace, court; royal family ; royal 
city, capital. 

regius, -a, -um, [rex], adj., royal. 

regina, -ae, [rex], f., queen. 

regio, -onis, [rego], f., direction, 
line; region, territory, country, 
tract, quarter. 

regnum, -I, [rego], n., dominion, 
rule, government, power, author- 
ity; realm, kingdom. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectus, direct, 
lead, guide; control; rule, govern. 

relabor, relabi, relapsus, [re- + 
labor], dep., slide back, glide back, 
slide down, glide down, sink back. 

relanguesco, -guescere, -gui, , 

[re- + languesco, become faint], 
grow faint, become faint, become 
languid, sink down. 

relaxo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
laxo], make wide, loosen, open. 

relevo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
levo, lift up], lift up, raise up; 
lighten; soothe, alleviate, mitigate, 
console. 

religo, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- -f 
ligo], bind back, bind fast. 

relinquo, -ere, reliqui, relictus, 
[re- + linquo], leave behind, leave, 
abandon; forsake, desert; re- 
linquish, dismiss, give up; be- 
queath, transmit. 

remaneo, -ere, -mansi, , [re- -f 

maneo], stay, remain, abide. 

remigium, -i, [remex], n., rowing 
apparatus, oars, oarage. 

remitto, -ere, remisi, remissus, 
[re- + mitto], send back; give 
out, emit, produce; loosen, 
slacken, relax; let go, let fall, drop, 
permit, grant. 



KKMOROR 



49 



RETRO 



remoror, ari, - atus, [re- -f moror], 
dep., hold back, delay, detain, 
hinder. 

removed, -ere, removl, remotus, 
[re- + moved], remove, take 
away, drive away, dispel; with' 
draw, set aside; abolish, deprive 
of. 

remus, -I, m., oar. 

renldeo, -ere, , , shine, 

be bright, gleam; beam with joy, 
smile. 

reor, reri, ratus, dep., think, be- 
lieve, suppose, imagine, judge. * 

repello, -ere, reppuli, repulsus, 
[re- + pello], drive back, drive 
away, repel; thrust back, shove back, 
spurn; ward off, repulse, reject. 

reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus, 
find, meet with; find out, dis- 
cover, learn; invent, devise. 

repeto, -ere, repetivi, repetitus, 
[re — (- peto], seek again; attack 
anew, assail again and again; 
demand back; repeat, renew; 
recollect; trace. 

requiesco, -ere, requievi, requi- 
etus, [re- -f- quiesco], inch., take 
rest, rest, repose, sleep; rest upon. 

requiro, -ere, requisivi, requisitus, 
[re — {- quaero], seek again, search 
for; ask, inquire, demand; miss, 
lack. 

res, rei, f., thing, matter, affair, 
fact; occurrence, event, case- 
condition, circumstance; effects, 
property, possessions, estate; ac- 
tion, battle, campaign; state, 
government, commonwealth. 

resero, -are, -avi, -atus, [re-, cf. 
sera, bar], unbar, unlock, open. 



resided, ere, resedi, , [re- -f- 

sedeo], remain sitting, remain, 
stay, reside; remain behind. 

resolvo, -ere, resolvi, resolutus, 
[re — h solvo], unbind, loosen, re- 
lease; open, separate; melt; 
relax, enfeeble. 

respicio, -ere, respexi, respectus, 
[re- + specio], look back, look 
behind; look back upon, see be- 
hind, gaze back at; look about 
for, regard, consider. 

responded, -ere, respond!, re- 
sponsus, [re- -f sponded], an- 
swer, reply, respond; agree. 

restituo, -tuere, -tui, -tutus, [re- 
+ statud], replace, restore, revive, 
renew, reinstate. 

restd, restare, restiti, , [re- 

•+ sto], withstand, resist, oppose; 
be left, remain. 

resumo, -ere, resumpsi, resump- 
tus, [re- + sumo], take up again, 
take back, recover; resume. 

resupinus, -a, -um, [re- + supi- 
nus], adj., bent back, lying on 
one's back; leaning back, tossing 
the head back. 

retardd, -are, -avi, -atus, [re- + 
tardo, impede], keep back, hinder, 
delay, impede, check, retard. 

retexd, -ere, -ui, -textus, [re- + 
texd], unweave, weave anew. 

retorqued, -ere, retorsi, retortus, 
[re- + torqued], turn back, throw 
back. 

retrahd, -ere, retraxi, retractus, 
[re- + traho], draw back, call 
back, withdraw. 

retro, adv., backwards, back, to the 
rear; behind. 



REVELLO 



50 



SAECULUM 



revello, -ere, revelli, revolsus and 
revulsus, [re- + vello, pluck], 
pluck away, pluck out, tear of, 
tear away, snatch from. 

revocabilis, -e, [revoco], adj., that 
can be recalled, revocable. 

revolvo, -ere, revolvi, revolutus, 
[re- + volvo], roll back, return; 
especially pass., be brought back, 
fall back, come again. 

rex, regis, [cf. rego], m., king, chief, 
ruler, monarch, despot. 

Rhodope, -es, f., Rhodope, a moun- 
tain-range in the southwestern 
part of Thrace. 

Rhodopeius, -a, -um, [Rhodope], 
adj., of Rhodope, Thracian. 

rictus, -us, m., open mouth; 
pi., wide open jaws, gaping jaws; 
jaws. 

rigeo, -ere, , , be stiff, 

be numb, be hardened; stand 
stiff, stand on end, bristle. 

rigidus, -a, -um, [rigeo], adj., stiff, 
hard, rigid; unbending, inflexible; 
rough, obdurate, inexorable. 

rigo, -are, -avi, -atus, moisten, 
wet, water. 

rigor, -oris, [rigeo], m., stiffness, 
hardness. 

rima, -ae, f., cleft, crack, fis- 
sure. 

ripa, -ae, f., bank, edge; used of a 
river, while litus refers to the 
shore of a sea. 

robur, -oris, n., hard wood; tree- 
trunk, oak-tree, oak; strength, 
power, vigor, force. 

rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask, in- 
quire; request, implore, beg for. 

rogus, -I, m., funeral pyre, on which 



the bodies of the dead were 
burned. 

rostrum, -i, [rodo, gnaw], n., beak, 
bill, mouth; ship's beak, prow. 

rota, -ae, f., wheel; car, chariot. 

rubeo, -ere, , , [cf. ru- 
ber], be red; grow red, turn red, 
blush. 

ruina, -ae, [ruo], f., downfall, fall, 
ruin; destruction, overthrow, ca- 
lamity; pi., ruins. 

rumpo, rump ere, rupi, ruptus, 
break, tear, rupture, sever, cleave, 
split; break open, burst, break 
through; interrupt, cut short, ter- 
minate; destroy; violate, annul. 

rupes, -is, f., rock, cliff. 

ruricola, -ae, [rus + colo], adj., 
rustic, of a husbandman. As 
subst., m. and f., farmer, country- 
man, country woman, peasant. 

rursus, or rursum, [for reversum, 
from reverto], adv., again, once 
more, again and again. 

rus, ruris, n., country, lands, fields; 
farm, estate. 

rusticus, -a, -um, [rus], adj., rural, 
rustic; rough, coarse, plain, 
simple. As subst., rusticus, -l, 
m., rustic, peasant, countryman; 
rustica, -ae, f., country woman. 



sacrum, -i, [sacer], n., sacred thing, 
sacred vessel, sacred place, sanctu- 
ary; act of worship, sacred rite, 
rite, sacrifice; worship, religious 
service, mystery. 

saeculum, or saeclum, -i, n., 
generation, lifetime, age; cen- 
tury, hundred years. 






:»i 






saepe, comp. saepius. sup. r ae- 
pissime, adv frequently, 

saevio, -ire. -ii, -itus, [saevus;. 

saevus, -a, -urn. a.dj., furion 

. cruel, severe; dire. 
sagitta, -ae, f.. arrow, shaft. 
saltus, -us, [salio, leap], m., leap, 

spring, bound. 
saltus, -us. m.. woodland, forest; 
;i pasture; mountain : 
: pass, defile. 
saliis. -utis, [cf. salvus], f., health, 
.elf are, prosperity, safety, 
greeting, salutation. 
saluto, -are. -avi, -atus, [salus], 

greet, salute, hail ; welcome. 
Samos or Samus, -i. f.. Santos., an 
island in the Aegean sea, near 
Ephesus. 
sanguineus, -a. -urn, [sanguis], 

adj., bloody; blood t hi r 
sanguis, -inis. m.. blood; bloodshed, 
slaughter; race, stock, descent, 
family; descendant, of spring. 
sarcina. -ae, f.. bundle, load, pack; 

burden, weight, care, trouble. 
Sardis. -ium. f., Sard is, capital 
and most important city of 
Lydia. in Asia Minor, 
satio. -are. -avi. -atus. [satis], 
satisfy, sate, satiate, appease, glut, 
fill, make content; cloy, disgust. 
satis, adj., indecl. subst., and adv. : 
(i) As adj., enough, sufficient, 
ample. 

(2) As subst., enough, suffi- 
ciency, plenty. 

(3) As adv., sufficiently, 
enough, adequately, ra; 



satus, see sero. 
satyrus. i. m.. Satyr, a goat-! 
fon - 

saxum. i. n .. large stone, rock. 

sceleratus, -a. -urn, [scelero, pol- 
lute], adj., polluted, defiled, pro- 
faned; wicked, impious, accursed; 
sacrilegious, infamous, vicious, 
harsh, cruel. 

scelus. -eris, n., nicked deed, crime, 
sin, wickedness. 

scilicet. [= scire licet', adv., you 
may know, certainly, obviously, 
of course, no doubt, forsooth, likely. 

scindo. scindere. scidi. scissus, 
rend, tear, split, cleave; part, 
i le, sever. 

scio. scire, scivi, scitus, know, 
understand; perceive. 

scopulus. -i, m., rock, cliff, crag, 
ledge. 

se. see sui. 

se- or sed-, old prep, with abl., 
apart from, without; used es- 
pecially in composition. 

secum. = cum se. 

secundus. -a', -um. [sequor], adj., 
folic: xt, second; second- 

ary, inferior; favorable, fair, 
prosperous, fortunate, propitious. 

seciiris. -is. [seco, cut], f., axe, 
battle-axe. 

sed. conj.. I. yet. 

sed enim, but indeed. 

sedeo. -ere. sedi. sessus. sit, be 
fixed, settle; sit idle, be inactive; 
stick fast, lodge, remain fast. 

sedes. -is. [cf. sedeo . f., seat, 
chair; abode, duelling- place, 
habitation; place, spot, site, foun- 
dation. 



SEGES 



52 



SICCO 



seges, -etis, f., field of grain, 
standing grain; crop, harvest; 
grain, fruit, produce. 

semen, -inis, [sero], n., seed; race; 
offspring, child; source, origin, 
essence, principle. 

semi-, found only in composition, 
half-. 

Semiramis, -idis, f., S emir amis, a 
mythical queen of Assyria, to 
whom the building of the walls 
of Babylon was ascribed. 

semper, adv., always, ever, at all 
times. 

senex, senis, comp. senior, adj., 
old, aged. As subst., senex, senis, 
m., old man; senior, -oris, m., 
elder, older person. 

senilis, -e, [senex, old), adj., of an 
old man, of old age, aged, senile. 

senior, -oris, see senex. 

sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel, 
hear, see, perceive; experience, 
discern, observe; think, believe, 
suppose, judge; decide, declare. 

separo, -are, -avi, -atus, [se- + 
paro], separate, divide. 

sepelio, -ire, sepelivi or -ii, sepul- 
tus, bury, inter. 

septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. 

septimus, -a, -um, [septem], adj., 
seventh. 

sspulcrum, -i, [cf. sepelio], n., 
grave, tomb, sepulcher. 

sequor, sequi, secutus, dep., follow, 
attend, accompany; succeed, come 
after, come next; chase, pursue; 
result, ensue; strive after, aim at; 
seize upon, overtake. 

sera, -ae, [sero], f., bar for fasten- 
ing a door, cross-bar. 



serenus, -a, -um, adj., clear, fair, 
serene, bright; tranquil, cheerful. 

serius, see sero. 

sermo, -onis, m., conversation, 
talk, discourse, speech; report, 
rumor, common talk. 

sero, serere, sevi, satus, sow, plant; 
produce, bring forth, satus, -a, 
-um, born, sprung from. 

sero, comp. serius, sup. seris- 
sime, [serus], adv., late, at a 
late hour, at a late period; comp., 
later, too late. 

serpens, -entis, [serpo, creep], m. 
and f., snake, serpent. 

serta, -orum, [sero, weave], n. pi., 
wreaths of flowers, garlands. 

serus, -a, -um, adj., late; belated, 
too late. 

servator, -oris, [servo], m., pre- 
server, deliverer. 

servitium, -i, [servus], n., servi- 
tude, slavery. 

servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, pre- 
serve, keep, protect, guard; lay 
up, store away, retain, maintain; 
give heed, pay attention, watch, 
observe. 

servus, -i, m., slave, servant. 

sex, indecl. num. adj., six. 

si, conj., if; when; whether. 

sibilus, -i, pi. sibili, -orum, m., 
and sibila, -orum, n., hissing, 
whistling. 

sic, adv., thus, in this manner, 
just as, as, so. ut . . . sic, velut 
. . . sic, sic . . . ut, while . . . 
yet, though . . . still. 

sicco, -are, -avi, -atus, [siccus], dry 
up, dry, drain; of wounds, dry 
up, heal; of sheep or cows, milk. 



sia us 



53 



>< 'lio 



siccus, -a, - urn, adj., dry, parched; 
parching. 

sicut, [sic + ut], adv., just as, so 
as, as; like, as it were, as if. 

Sidonius, -a, -urn, [Sidon], adj., 
of Sid o)i, a city of Phoenicia, 
Sidonian; hence, Phoenician, 

sidus, -eris, n., star-group, con- 
stellation; heavenly body, star; 
sky, heaven, climate, weather; 
light, beauty, ornament, glory. 

signum, -I, n., sign, mark, token, 
indication, proof; ensign, stand- 
ard; omen; image, statue, fig- 
ure; constellation. 

silens, -entis, [sileo], adj., still, 
quiet, silent. 

silentium, -I, [silens], n., silence, 
quiet, stillness. 

Sllenus, -i, m., Silenus, the foster- 
father and attendant of Bacchus. 

sileo, -ere, -ui, , be silent. 

silva, -ae, f., forest, wood, grove. 

similis, -e, comp. similior, sup. 
simillimus, adj., like, similar, re- 
sembling; sup., very like. 

simplex, -icis, adj., simple, single; 
plain, open; frank, guileless, 
artless. 

simul, adv., at the same time, 
at once, simultaneously, together. 
simul . . . simul, partly . . . 
partly, both . . . and. simul, or 
simul atque, as soon as, when. 

simulacrum, -i, [simulo], n., like- 
ness, image, form, figure; shade, 
phantom, apparition; appear- 
ance, semblance, pretense. 

sine, prep, with abl., without. 

singuli, -ae, -a, adj., pi., one at a 
time, one by one, one apiece, one 



after another, me t>> inch, 

irate. 

sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on 

the left; favorable, a us pi, 
unlucky, unfavorable; bad, ;. 
As subst., sinistra, [sc. manus], 
-ae, f., left hand. 
sino, sinere, sivi, situs, lay down, 
place; bury; permit, allow, suf- 
fer, let. 
sinuo, -are, -avi, -atus, [sinus], 
bend, curve, wind. 

sinus, -us, m., fold, curve, hollow, 
coil; fold of a garment, bosom, 
lap; garment; purse; bay, gulf; 
hollow, valley. 

Sipylus, -I, m. : 

(i) Sipylus, a mountain in 
Lydia. 

(2) Sipylus, one of the sons 
of Amphion and Xiobe. 

Sisyphus, -i, m., Sisyphus, son of 
Aeolus ; said to have been a 
robber, and to be suffering pun- 
ishment in the Underworld by 
being obliged to roll to the sum- 
mit of a high hill a huge rock, 
which ever rolls back again. 

sitis, -is, f., thirst; desire, eager- 
ness. 

sive, or seu, [si + ve], conj., or 
if, or. sive . . . sive, whether 
. . . or; either . . . or. 

socer, -eri, m., father-in-law; pi., 
parents-in-lu 

socius, -i, m., partner, companion, 
associate, friend ; ally, helper. 

sol, solis, m., sun; day; sunshine. 

soleo, solere, solitus sum, semi- 
dep., be accustomed, be wont, 
be used. 



SOLITUS 



54 



SPOLIUM 



solitus, -a, -urn, [soleo], adj., 
wonted, customary, usual, ordi- 
nary, common. 

sollemnis, -e, [sollus, = totus, + 
annus], adj., every year, yearly, 
annual; solemn, sacred; cus- 
tomary, wonted, regular. 

solor, -ari, -atus, dep., console, 
comfort; soothe, ease, relieve, 
lessen, assuage. 

solum, -I, n., bottom, base, founda- 
tion; ground, soil, floor; country, 
region, place. 

solus, -a, -um, gen. sollus, dat. 
soli, adj., alone, only, single; 
lonely, solitary, deserted. 

solvo, solvere, solvi, soliitus, [se- 
+ luo], loose, unbind, release; 
set free; break up, dismiss; re- 
lax, overcome; change, turn, re- 
move; annul, cancel, destroy, 
end; perform, keep, fulfill, pay; 
of the lips, open; of a fast, 
break. 

sonitus, -us, [sono], m., sound, 
noise. 

sono, -are, -ui, -itus, [sonus], 
sound, resound; ring, rustle, 
roar, rattle, murmur; indicate 
by sound, betray; sing, celebrate; 
utter, express. 

sonus, -I, m., sound, noise. 

soror, -oris, f., sister. 

sors, sortis, f., lot, destiny, for time, 
oracle, prophetic utterance, proph- 
ecy. 

sortior, -in, -itus, [sors], dep., 
cast lots; allot; obtain by lot, re- 
ceive, obtain. 
spargo, sparger e, sparsi, sparsurus, 
strew, scatter; cast, hurl; spread 



abroad, disperse; besprinkle, be- 
spatter. 
spatior, -ari, -atus, [spatium], dep., 
spread abroad, extend; wander, 
walk, proceed. 
spatiosus, -a, -um, [spatium], 
adj., ample, spacious, large; 
long, prolonged; huge, enormous. 

spatium, -l, n., space, distance, in- 
terval; extent, size, magnitude; 
path, track; period, time. 

speciosus, -a, -um, [species, sight], 
adj., showy, handsome, beautiful, 
splendid, fine, brilliant, glittering. 

spectabilis, -e, [specto], adj., 
visible; sight-worthy, admirable, 
notable, remarkable, attracting 
attention. 

specto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. 
of specio, look], look on, behold, 
observe; gaze at, inspect, con- 
sider; be situated; try, test, 
prove. 

specus, -us, m., cave, cavern, grot, 
den, chasm, pit. 

spes -ei, f., hope, expectation; 
trust, promise; anticipation. 

spina, -ae, f., spine, back-bone, 
back. 

spira, -ae, I., fold, coil, twist. 

splendeo, -ere, , , shine, 

glisten, glimmer, glitter, be radiant. 

splendidus, -a, -um, [splendeo], 
adj., shining, brilliant, glittering; 
showy, specious, gorgeous, splen- 
did, magnificent. 

spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, [spolium], 
strip, uncover; rob, plunder, 
despoil, deprive. 

spolium, -i, n., skin, hide; spoils, 
booty, prey. 



SPUMA 



;>:> 



SUBITO 



spuma, -ae, [spud, spit], f., foam, 

froth. 
spumiger, -gera, -gerum, [spuma, 

foam, + gero], adj., foam-bearing, 

foaming. 
spumo, -are, -avi, -atus, [spuma, 

foam], foam, froth. 
squalidus, -a, -um, [squaleo, be 

filthy], adj., filthy, dirty, foul, 

squalid. 
squama, -ae, f., scale. 
squamiger, -gera, -gerum, [squa- 
ma -f gero], adj., scale-bearing, 

scaly. 
squamosus, -a, -um, [squama], 

adj., scaly. 
statuo, -uere, -ui, -utus, [status], 

set up, construct, make; establish, 

fix; resolve, determine, decide. 
Stella, -ae, f., star; star-group, 

constellation. 
sterno, sternere, stravi, stratus, 

spread out, scatter, strew, cover; 

prostrate, strike down, lay low. 
stiva, -ae, f., plow-handle. 
sto, stare, steti, staturus, stand; 

stand out, protrude; stand firm, 

abide, endure; stand still, be at 

rest; remain, be fixed; of value, 

stand at; come to, cost. 
strido, -ere, stridi, , hiss, 

grate, whizz, buzz; creak, 

rustle. 
stridulus, -a, -um, [strido], adj., 

creaking, cracking, hissing, whizz- 
ing. 
stringo, stringere, strinxi, stric- 

tus, touch gently, ruffle, graze; 

wound, injure; of a sword, draw, 

unsheathe. 
struo, struere, struxi, structus, 



heap up, pile, arrange; build, 
construct; CQ 

stupeo, -ere, -ui, , be amazed, 

be astounded, be stupefied; be 
silenced; stop. 

Stygius, -a, -um, [Styx], adj., of 
the Styx, Stygian; of the Under- 
world; deadly, fatal, awful. 

Styx, Stygis or Stygos, f., Styx, 
the most famous of the fabled 
rivers of the Underworld; some- 
times put for the Underworld, 
Hades. 

sub, prep, with ace. and abl., 
tinder: 

(i) With ace., after verbs of 
motion, under, below, near to, to, 
up to, towards, down, down into; 
until, about, just before; after. 

(2) With abl., of place, under, 
beneath, below, at the foot of, 
by, near; of time, during, in, 
within, at, by; of other relations, 
under, subject to; by reason 

of. 

In composition, sub is often 

assimilated before m, r, and 

usually before c, f, g, p. It 

adds the force of under, beneath; 

somewhat, a little; secretly, by 

stealth. 
subdo, -dere, -didi, -ditus, [sub 

+ do], put under, place under; 

plunge under; supply, furnish, 

afford. 
subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [sub 

+ iacio], throw under, place under, 

put, cast; subject; affix, append; 

suggest, give. 
subito, [subitus], adv., suddenly, 

unexpectedly. 



SUBITUS 



56 



SUPERUS 



subitus, -a, -um, [subeo], adj., 

sudden, unexpected, surprising; 
newly arisen, late. 

sublimis, -e, adj., raised up, 
high, lofty; uplifted, on high; 
eminent. 

submitto, -mittere, -mlsi, -missus, 
[sub + mitto], let down, lay 
down, lower, sink; send secretly. 

submoved, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
tus, [sub + moved], remove, drive 
away, send away, banish. 

suboles, -is, f., sprout, shoot; off- 
spring, posterity, stock; race. 

subsequor, -sequi, -secutus, [sub 
+ sequor], dep., follow after, 
follow; come after, succeed. 

subter, [sub], prep, with ace. or 
abl., under, underneath, below. 

succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
surus, [sub + cedo], go under, 
enter; approach, come to; follow, 
succeed; be successful, prosper. 

succendo, -cendere, -cendl, -cen- 
sus, kindle underneath, inflame, 
fire. 

succingo, -cingere, -clnxl, -cinc- 
tus, [sub + cingo], gird up; 
encircle. anus succincta, the 
aged dame, with skirt tucked 
up. 

succurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- 
sus, [sub + curro], hasten to the 
aid of, help, assist, aid, come to 
aid. 

sucus, -I, m., sap, juice, moisture-, 
potion, dose; taste, flavor, savor. 

sudd, -are, -avi, -atus, sweat, 
perspire; exude. 

sui, sibi, se or sese, nom. wanting, 
reflex, pron., himself, herself, it- 



self, themselves; him, her, it, 
them, secum = cum se. 

sulco, -are, -avi, -atus, [sulcus], 
plow, turn up, furrow. 

sulcus, -i, m., furrow, trench. 

sum, esse, fui, futurus, be, exist; 
with dative, be for, serve for, 
belong to, possess, have, fore = 
futurum esse, forem = essem. 

summitto, see submitto. 

summus, -a, -um, see superus. 

sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus, 
[sub + emo], take; assume, put 
on; consume; enter upon, begin; 
exact; obtain, acquire, get. 

super, adv., above, over; moreover, 
besides, in addition. 

super, prep, with ace. and abl., over: 
(i) With ace, over, above, up- 
on, on, beyond, in addition to. 

(2) With abl., over, above, up- 
on, beyond. 

superbia, -ae, [superbus], f., 
haughtiness, pride, arrogance. 

superbus, -a, -um, [super], adj., 
haughty, proud, arrogant; splen- 
did, magnificent , august. 

supero, -are, -avi, -atus, [supe- 
rus], rise above, surmount, pass 
over; exceed, surpass, outstrip, 
excel; overcome, subdue, conquer. 

superstes, -itis, [super + sto], adj., 
standing above, overtowering ; re- 
maining alive, surviving. 

supersum, -esse, -fui, [super + 
sum], be left, remain; survive, 
outlive, be still alive. 

superus, -a, -um, comp. superior, 
sup. supremus or summus, 
[super], adj., above, upper, higher. 
As subst., superi, -orum, m., 



SUPPLEO 



:>: 



T.\M()UAM 



pi., g v'v above, deities of hi 
Sup., supremus, -a, -urn, hi 
loftiest, topmost; last, final; ex- 
treme, outermost; sup., summus, 
highest, topmost; greatest, best, 
utmost, extreme; often used of a 
part, top of, summit of, as 
summus mons, the top of the 
mountain. 

suppleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, [sub + 
pled], fill up, fill. 

supplex, — icis, [sub + plied], adj., 
bending the knee, entreating, sup- 
plicating; submissive. As subst., 
m., suppliant. 

suppono, -ponere, -posul, -positus, 
[sub + pond], put under, place 
beneath; plant beneath; sub- 
stitute, falsify, feign; subject. 

supra, [cf. superus], adv. and prep., 
above; 

(i) As adv., above, on top, over. 
(2) As prep., with ace, over, 
above; beyond, more than. 

surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus, 
[sub + rego], rise, get up, ascend; 
spring up, come forth, grow up. 

sus, suis, m. and f., swine, hog, pig. 

sustineo, -tin ere, -tinui, -tentus, 
[subs for sub, + teneo], hold up, 
sustain, withstand; restrain; bear, 
undergo, endure. 

sustuli, see tollo. 

suus, -a, -um, [cf. sui], poss. reflex, 
adj., Ms, her, its, their, his own, 
her own, their own; just, proper, 
regular, full, suitable, favorable. As 
subst., sui, -orum, m., pi., one's 
people, friends, relatives, party, 
subjects, sua, -orum, n., pi., one's 
possessions, one's property. 



tabes, -is, [tabeo], f., a wasting 
a nay; plague, p 
ruplion, poison, infection, taint. 

tabesco, tabescere, tabui, , 

[tabeo, waste], inch., melt, decay; 
pine away, languish. 

taciturnus, -a, -um, [tacitus], adj., 
silent, noiseless, quiet, still, taci- 
turn; sullen. 

tacitus, -a, -um, [taceo, be silent), 
adj., silent; hidden, secret; still, 
mute, noiseless. 

tactus, -us, [tango], m., touch, contact. 

taeda, -ae, f., pitch-pine; pine- 
brand, torch; nuptial torch, 
wedding; funeral torch. 

Taenarius, -a, -um, [Taenarus, 
in Laconia], adj., of Taenarus, 
Taenarian; of Sparta, Spartan. 
The cavern at Taenarus was 
supposed to be an entrance to 
the Underworld. 

talaria, -um, [talaris], n., pi., 
winged shoes, winged sandals at- 
tached to the ankles, as those 
with which Mercury is repre- 
sented in works of art. 

talaris, -e, [talus], adj., of the 
ankles, reaching to Hie ankles. 

talis, -e, adj., such, of such a kind; 
such as this, as follows, talis 
. . . qualis, such . . . as. 

talus, -1, m., ankle; heel. 

tarn, adv., so much, so, very. 

tamen, [tarn], conj., notwithstanding, 
nevertheless, yet, still. 

tamquam, adv., so as, just as. 
tamquam si, just as though, just 
as if. 



TANDEM 



58 



TENEO 



tandem, adv., at length, at last, 
finally; in questions, pray. 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus, touch; 
adjoin; taste, partake of; ar- 
rive at, come to, reach; besprinkle; 
affect, impress, move. 

Tantalis, -idis, f., daughter of 
Tantalus, Tantalid; applied to 
Niobe, daughter of Tantalus. 

Tantalus, -I, m., Tantalus, name 
of two persons mentioned by 
Ovid : 

(i) A mythical king of 
Phrygia, condemned to unending 
hunger and thirst in the Under- 
world because he had betrayed 
the secrets of heaven. 

(2) A son of Niobe, grandson 
of the preceding. 

tantum, [tantus], adv., so much, 
so far, so greatly; only so much, 
only, merely. 

tantus, -a, -um, adj., of such size, 
such great, such; so great, so 
many. As subst., tantum, -1, n., 
so much, tanti, gen. of price, 
of so great value, tanto, abl. of 
degree of difference, by so much, 
so much, tantus . . . quantus, so 
much . . . as, so great . . . as. 

tarde, [tardus], adv., slowly, tar- 
dily; late. 

tardus, -a, -um, adj., slow, slug- 
gish; tardy, late; stupid? dull. 

Tartarus, -1, m., and Tartara, 
-orum, n., pi., the Underworld, 
Lower World; Infernal Regions; 
used especially of that part of 
the Underworld set aside for 
the punishment of the spirits of 
the wicked. 



taurus, -1, m., bull, bullock. 

tectum, -1, [tego], n., covered place, 
shelter; house, dwelling; roof. 

tegmen, see tegumen. 

tego, tegere, texi, tectus, cover; 
hide, conceal, shelter ; cloak, veil. 

tegumen, or tegmen, -inis, [tego], 
n., a covering; clothing; shield. 

tellus, -uris, f., earth, globe; land, 
country. 

telum, -i, n., missile, weapon, 
spear, dart, javelin, arrow; sword, 
axe, dagger. 

templum, - 1, n., consecrated place, 
sacred enclosure, sanctuary; tem- 
ple, shrine, fane. 

tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [inten- 
sive of tendo], handle, touch, feel; 
try, attempt, assay; attack, as- 
sail. 

tempus, -oris, n., period of time, 
time, season; opportunity, occa- 
sion; condition, times, circum- 
stances. 

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus, 
and tensus, stretch, make tense, 
extend; hold a course, direct one's 
course, tend, go, proceed; aim at, 
strive, endeavor. 

tenebrae, -arum, f., pi., shades, 
darkness, gloom; night; Under- 
world. 

tenebrosus, -a, -um, [tenebrae], 
adj., dark, gloomy. 

teneo, -ere, -ui, tentus, hold, have; 
possess, occupy, inhabit; reach, 
arrive at; direct, hold the course; 
hold fast, embrace, fetter, bind, 
fascinate, captivate; restrain, 
check, keep, retain, guard, pre- 
serve, defend. 



TENER 



59 



TOLLO 



tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender, 
delicate, soft, yielding; young, 
youthful. 

tenor, -oris, [teneo], m., course, 
movement, motion. 

tenuis, -e, adj., thin, fine, slender; 
delicate; narrow, slight, insig- 
nificant; mean, poor, weak; shal- 
low, low, clear. 

tenus, postpositive prep, with abl., 
as far as, unto, up to, to. 

tepeo, -ere, , , be luke- 
warm, be warm. 

tepidus, -a, -um, [tepeo], adj., 
lukewarm, warm, tepid; faint, 
languid. 

ter, [cf. tres], num. adv., thrice, 
three times; repeatedly. 

terebrd, -are, -avi, -atus, [terebra, 
gimlet], bore through. 

tergeo, -ere, tersi, tersus. [cf. 
teroL wipe of, wipe dry, wipe, 
clean. 

tergum, -I, n., back, rear; hide, 
skin, leather, fleece. 

terni, -ae, -a, [ter], num. adj., 
three each; three. 

tero, terere, trivi, trltus, rub; 
wear away, use up; polish; grate 
upon; of grain, tread out, thresh. 

terra, -ae, f., land, soil, ground, 
region; earth, orbis terrarum, 
the world, the whole world. 

terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, frighten, 
alarm, terrify, dismay. 

terribilis, -e, [terreo], adj., terri- 
ble, frightful, dreadful. 

terrificus, -a, -um, [terreo -f fa- 
cio], adj., causing fear, terrible. 

terrigena, -ae, [terra, cf. gigno], 
adj., earth-born. 



terror, -oris, [terreo], m., fright, 
alarm, terror; dread. 

testor, -ari, -atus, |testis], dcp., call 
as witness, invoke, appeal. 

theatrum, -i, n., theater. 

Thebae, -arum, f ., pi., Thebes, cap- 
ital of Boeotia. 

Thebaides, -um, f., pi., women of 
Thebes, Theban women. 

Themis, -idis, ace. Themin, voc. 
Themi, f., Themis, daughter of 
Ouranos and Gaia, goddess of 
justice and prophecy. 

Thisbe, -es, f., Thisbe, a Baby- 
lonian maiden, beloved by 
Pyramus. 

Thracius, -a, -um, adj., Thracian, 
of Thrace. 

tibia, -ae, f., pipe, flute. 

timeo, -ere, -ui, , be afraid; 

be anxious; dread, fear. 

timidus, -a, -um, [timeo], adj., 
afraid, timid, cowardly, dejected; 
full of awe, reverent. 

Timolus or Tmolus, -I, m., Tmolus, 
a mountain in Lydia. 

timor, -oris, [timeo], m., fear, 
dread, apprehension, alarm, ti- 
midity; awe, reverence. 

tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctus, wet, 
moisten; bathe, dip, sink into; 
color, tinge, stain. 

Titanis, -idos, adj., of the Titans, 
Titanic. As subst., daughter of 
a Titan, applied to Latona as 
daughter of Coeus. 

titubo, -are, -avi, -atus, stagger, 
reel, totter. 

Tmolus, see Timolus. 

tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus, 
lift, lift up, raise, elevate; take 



TORQUEO 



60 



TRITON 



up, take on board; bring up, 
educate; make away with, re- 
move, dispose of. 

torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortus, 
turn, bend, wind; twist, curl, 
spin; whirl, swing, brandish, hurl; 
rack, torture, torment. 

torreo, torrere, torrui, tostus, parch, 
roast, bake; scorch, burn. 

torus, -I, m., muscle; bolster, cush- 
ion, couch, bed; bier. 

tot, num. adj., indecl., so many, in 
such numbers. 

totidem, [tot], num. adj., indecl., 
just so many, as many. 

totiens, [tot], num. adv., so often, 
as often, so many times. 

totus, -a, -um, gen. totius, adj., 
all, the whole, total, entire. 

trabs, trabis, f., beam, tree-trunk. 

tracto, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
traho], draw, drag, pull; touch, 
handle; manage, control. 

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus, 
[trans + do], deliver, surrender, 
hand over, consign, commit, in- 
trust, confide; give over, be- 
tray; give; transmit, relate, tell, 
teach, instruct. 

traho, trahere, traxi, tractus, draw, 
drag, pull, drag along; draw in, as- 
sume, get; lead on, attract, allure; 
influence, cause; ascribe, refer; 
protract, extend; spend, waste. 

traicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectus, [trans 
+ iacio], throw across, put over; 
strike through, transfix, pierce; 
transfer. 

trames, -itis, m., cross-way, by- 
path, foot-path; way, path, road. 

transeo, -ire, -Ivi or -ii, -itus, 



[trans + eo], go over, pass over, 
cross over, pass; turn, be trans- 
formed, change; proceed; pro- 
ceed against; transgress, violate. 

transitus, -us, [transeo], m., trans- 
ition, crossing, passage. 

transmitto, -mittere, -mlsi, 
-missus, [trans + mitto], send 
across, carry over, transmit; pass 
over, traverse. 

tremebundus, -a, -um, [tremo], 
adj., trembling, quivering. 

tremo, -ere, -ill, , shake, 

quiver, tremble; quake before, 
shiver at. 

tremor, -oris, [tremo], m., shaking, 
shivering, quaking, tremor; of 
the earth, earthquake. 

tremulus, -a, -um, [tremo], adj., 
trembling, quivering, tremulous. 

trepido, -are, -avi, -atus, [tre- 
pidus], be alarmed, be disturbed; 
tremble, be afraid of; of the 
heart, palpitate. 

trepidus, -a, -um, adj., restless, 
agitated; hurried, quick; anx- 
ious, alarmed, trembling. 

tres, tria, num. adj., three. 

tribuo, -ere, tribui, tributus, 
[tribus], assign, allot; bestow, 
give, grant; pay, yield, concede. 

triplex, -icis, [ter + plico], adj., 
threefold, triple. 

tristis, -e, adj., sad, sorrowful, 
gloomy, downcast, melancholy, 
sullen; sorrow-bringing, sadden- 
ing, unhappy, baneful; disagree- 
able, bitter, offensive. 

Triton, -onis, m., Triton, a sea- 
god, half human, half fish, son 
of Neptune and Amphitrite. 



TRITONIS 



61 



ULTRA 



Tritonis, idis and ivlos, adj., 
of Lake Triton, in Africa, where 
Athene is said to have been bom ; 

hence, of Athene, of Pallas. As 
subst., Tritonis, -idis or -idos, 
f., Athene Minerva. 

triumpho, -are, -avi, -atus, [tri- 
umphus], celebrate a triumph, 
triumph. 

truncus, -1, m., trunk, stock, stem; 
body. 

tu, tui, pi. vos, pers. pron., thou, 
you. 

turn, adv., then, at that time; there- 
upon, moreover, cum . . . turn, 
both . . . and, not only . . . but also. 

turned, -ere, , , swell, 

be swollen, be pujfed out; be 
excited, be stirred up; be in- 
flated, be puffed up. 

tumesco, -ere, tumui, , [tu- 
rned], inch., begin to swell, 
swell up; become enraged. 

tumulus, -I, [turned], m., mound, 
hillock, hill; grave, sepulchral 
mound. 

tunc, adv., then, at that time, just 
then, thereupon. 

turba, -ae, f., uproar, turmoil, com- 
motion; mob, multitude, throng, 
crowd, host; the common crowd, 
the masses; of dogs, pack. 

turbo, -inis, [turbo, whirl], m., 
whirlwind, tornado; storm; 
whirling motion, revolution; of 
a shell, whorl, twist. 

turpis, -e, adj., ugly, unsightly, hide- 
ous, repulsive; odious, base, shame- 
ful, disgraceful. 

turris, -is, f., tower; castle, palace; 
dove-tower, dove-cot. 



tus, turis, n., im • \nkin- 

cense. 

tutus, -a, -um, [tueor], adj., 
guarded, safe, secure; watchful, 
cautious. 

tuus, -a, -um, [tu], poss. pron , 
adj., thy, thine, your, yours; your 
own. As subst., tui, -drum, m., 
your kinsmen, your friends ; tua, 
-orum, n., your property, your 
possessions. 

Tyrius, -a, -um, adj., of Tyre, 
Tyrian. 



iiber, -eris, comp. uberior, sup. 
uberrimus, [uber], adj., fruit- 
ful, fertile, plentiful, copious; 
full, productive. 

ubi or ubi : 

(i) adv., 'where, wheresoever, 
in what place; (2) conj., wJicn, 
whenever, as soon as. 

ubique, [ubi -f- -que], adv., any- 
where, everywhere, in any place, 
in every place. 

ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, adj., 
any. As subst., any one, any- 
body. 

ulmus, -i, f., elm-tree, elm. 

ulterior, -ius, gen. -oris, sup. 
ultimus, [cf. ultra], adj. in the 
comp. degree, farther, beyond, 
more distant, more remote. Sup., 
ultimus, -a, -um, farthest, most 
distant, uttermost, extreme, last. 

ultor, -oris, [cf. ulciscor, avenge], 
m., punisher, avenger. 

ultra, adv., on the other side; be- 
yond, farther, more, besides. 



UMBRA 



62 



VADO 



umbra, -ae, f., shade, shadow; 
shady place; especially of the 
dead, shade, ghost, image, phan- 
tom; outline, trace. 

umerus, -l, m., upper arm, shoul- 
der. 

umquam, adv., at any time, ever, 
at all. 

una, [unus], adv., at once, together, 
at the same time. 

uncus, -a, -um, adj., hooked, 
crooked, curved, barbed. 

unda, -ae, f., wave, billow; water, 
flood, stream, tide. 

unde, adv., interrogative and rel., 
whence ? from what place ? from 
whom? 

undecimus, -a, -um, [unus + 
decimus], num. adj., eleventh. 

undique, [unde + -que], adv., on all 
sides; from every quarter, every- 
where. 

unguis, -is, m., nail of finger or 
toe ; of animals, claw, talon, 
paw, hoof. 

ungula, -ae, [unguis], £., claw, 
talon, hoof. 

unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, num. 
adj., one, one only, a single one; 
alone, sole, single; one and the 
same. 

urbs, urbis, f., city; especially the 
city, Rome. 

urna, -ae, f., water-jar, urn; ves- 
sel, um for casting or drawing 
lots ; cinerary urn, in which the 
ashes of the dead were placed. 

uro, urere, ussi, ustus, burn, con- 
sume; scorch, parch, dry up; set 
on fire, kindle, enflame; vex, 
annoy. 



usquam, adv., anywhere. 

usque, adv., even to, as far as, all 
the way, continuously, constantly. 
usque adeo, to such an extent. 

usus, -us, [utor], m., use, employ- 
ment, usage, enjoyment; prac- 
tice, experience, skill; value, bene- 
fit, profit, advantage, service, need. 

ut, or uti, adv. and conj. : 

(i) As adv., as, as soon as, just 
as; how; seeing that, as if. ut 
primum, as soon as. ut . . . 
ita, so . . . as, while . . . still. 
(2) As conj., with indie, 
as, as soon as, just as, when; 
with subj., of result, that, so that; 
of purpose, in order that, that; 
of concession, though, although. 

uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. 
utriusque, [uter + -que], adj., 
each, either; both. 

utinam, [uti + nam], adv., oh that/ 
if only ! would that ! 

utor, uti, usus, dep., with abl., 
use, employ; enjoy; consume. 

viva, -ae, f., grape, bunch of grapes, 
grape-cluster; grape-vine, vine. 

uxor, -oris, f., wife, spouse. 



vacca, -ae, f., cow. 

vaco, -are, -avi, -atus, be empty, 

be free from, be without, be idle, 
be at leisure, have time. 

vacuus, -a, -um, [vaco], adj., 
empty, vacant, free, without; idle, 
unemployed; unmarried, single, 
heart-free; of a field, open, free. 

vado, -ere, , , go, es- 
pecially go in haste, rush, pro- 
ceed rapidly. 



VADUM 



63 



VERTEX 



vadum, -I, n., shallow, ford, shoal; 
sea, stream, channel of a si ream, 
waters. 

vagor, -an, -atus, [vagus], dcp., 
stroll about, wander, roam, rove. 

vagus, -a, -um, adj., strolling, 
rambling, wandering, vagrant; 
unsettled, uncertain, wavering, 
inconstant. 

valeo, -ere, -ui, -iturus, be strong, 
be vigorous, be healthy; have 
power, avail, prevail; be able, 
be capable, be enough. Imp. vale, 
as a greeting, farewell, good- 
bye. 

validus, -a, -um, [cf. valeo], adj., 
strong, robust, vigorous, powerful, 
able; efficient, efficacious. 

valles, -is, f., valley, dale. 

valvae, -arum, f., pi., folding-doors, 
double-doors. 

vastus, -a, -um, adj., empty, waste, 
wild, desert; vast, enormous, 
huge, immense. 

vates, -is, m. and f., seer, prophet; 
bard, singer, poet. 

-ve, enclitic conj., [vel], or, or if 
you please, or also, -ve . . . -ve, 
either . . . or. 

vehd, vehere, vexi, vectus, bear, 
carry, convey; pass., vehor, vehl, 
vectus, be carried, ride, go, sail. 

vel, [old imp. of volo], conj., or, 
or if you will, or even, even, vel 
. . . vel, either . . . or, whether ...or. 

velamen, -inis, [velo], n., cover, 
covering; robe, garment, veil. 

velo, -are, -avi, -atus, [velum], 
cover, veil, enwrap, envelop. 

velox, -ocis, adj., swift, quick, 
Jlcet, speedy, rapid. 



velum, -I, n., ***£> cur- 

tain. 

velut or veluti, [vel + ut], adv., 
even as, just as; for instance; 
as it were, as though, as if. 

vena, -ae, f., blood-vessel, vein, 
artery; water-course, vein of 
metal, mine. 

venenifer, -fera, -ferum, [vene- 
num -f- fero], adj., poison-carry- 
ing, poisonous, venomous. 

venenum, -I, n., poison, venom; 
magical potion, charm. 

veneror, -ari, -atus, dep., reverence, 
worship, adore; venerate, do hom- 
age to. 

venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor, 
kindness; permission; pardon, 
forgiveness. 

venio, venire, veni, ventus, come; 
enter ; approach, arise, spring. 

ventus, -I, m., wind. 

venus, -eris, f., loveliness, grace. 
Personified, Venus, Venus, god- 
dess of beauty and love, mother 
of Cupid. 

verbum, -1, n., word, verba 
facere, to speak. 

vereor, -eri, -itus, dep., stand in 
awe, revere; fear, dread, ap- 
prehend. 

vero, [verus], adv., truly, certainly, 
indeed, in truth; but in fact, 
however, but. 

verso, -are, -avi, -atus, [freq. of 
verto], turn; manage, direct; 
turn about, loss about; revolve, 
consider; of a door, turn, open. 

vertex, -icis, [verto], m., whirl, 
eddy, vortex; top, crown, head, 
summit, peak. 



VERTO 



64 



VIPERA 



verto, vertere, verti, versus, turn, 

turn hack; change, alter, trans- 
form, convert; overturn, over- 
throw, destroy. 

verum, -i, [verus], n., truth, fact. 

verum, adv., but in truth, but. 

verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real, 
genuine; proper, reasonable, just; 
truthful, veracious. 

vester, -tra, -trum, [vos], poss. 
pron., adj., your, yours. 

vestigium, -I, n., sole of the foot; 
foot-step, foot-print, track; trace, 
sign, vestige. 

vestigo, -are, , , trace, 

track, hunt, search; investigate. 

vestis, -is, f., clothing, garment, 
clothes, attire; rug, tapestry. 

veto, -are, -ui, -itus, forbid, pro- 
hibit, not permit. 

vetus, -eris, sup. veterrimus, adj., 
old, aged; of long standing; of a 
former time, former, earlier, an- 
cient, old-time. 

via, -ae, [cf. veho], f., way, road, 
street; passage, channel, march, 
journey; mode, manner. 

vibro, -are, -avi, -atus, tremble, 
quiver, vibrate; flicker, gleam, 
flash; brandish, shake, hurl, 
throw. 

vicinia, -ae, [vicinus], f., neighbor- 
hood, vicinity, nearness, prox- 
imity. 

vicinus, -a, -um, [vicus, street, 
quarter], adj., of the neighborhood, 
neighboring, near, adjacent. As 
subst., vicinus, -I, m., neighbor. 

vicis, vicis, nom. sing, not used, 
f., change, alternation; recom- 
pense, requital; condition, misfor- 



tune, lot, stead, in vicem, in 
vices, by turns, alternately. 

victor, -oris, [vinco], m., con- 
queror, victor; as an adj., vic- 
torious, conquering. 

victrix, -icis, [victor], f., she that 
is victorious, conqueress ; often 
with the force of an adj., vic- 
torious. 

video, videre, vidi, visus, see, dis- 
cern, perceive; look at, observe; 
understand, comprehend; see to, 
care for, provide; pass., videor, 
viderl, visus sum, be seen, ap- 
pear, seem, be regarded; impers., 
videtur, it seems right, it seems 
best. 

villosus, -a, -um, [villus], adj., 
hairy, shaggy, rough, bristling. 

villus, -I, m., shaggy hair, wool. 

vimen, -inis, n., pliant shoot, withe, 
twig, switch. 

vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind, 
fetter, tie, fasten; wind, surround, 
encircle. 

vinco, vincere, vici, victus, conquer, 
overcome, defeat; be victorious, 
excel, surpass; convince, refute, 
gain the point, demonstrate. 

vinculum, or, frequently, vinclum, 
-i, [vincio], n., band, fetter, 
fastening, rope, cord; bond, re- 
straint. 

vinetum, -I, [vinum], n., planta- 
tion of vines, vineyard. 

vinum, -i, n., wine. 

violo, -are, -avi, -atus, [vis], 
treat with violence, injure, out- 
rage, profane, desecrate. 

vipera, -ae, f., viper, adder, ser- 
pent. 



VIPKREUS 



65 



vuir.o 



vipereus, -a, -urn, [vipera], adj., 

of a viper, of vipers, of a serpent, 

snaky. 
vir, viri, m., man; husband; hero. 
vireo, -ere, -ui, , be green; 

be fresh, flourish, bloom. 

virga, -ae, [vireo], f., green twig, 
sprout, branch; sea-weed; graft, 
set; wand, staff, cane. 

virgo, -inis, f., maid, maiden, 
girl. 

viridis, -e, [vireo], adj., green; 
fresh, blooming. 

virtus, -utis, [vir], f., manliness; 
courage, fortitude, bravery; moral 
worth, goodness, virtue, merit. 

vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, pi. vires, 
-ium, f., force, strength, energy, 
power ; violence, compulsion; pi., 
strength; military forces, forces, 
troops, number. 

viscus, -eris, often in pi., 
viscera, n., internal organs, vitals, 
inwards, viscera; utmost part, 
bowels, center, heart, flesh. 

vita, -ae, [vivo], f., life, existence; 
course of life; career. 

vitio, -are, -avi, -atus, [vitium], 
make faulty, injure, spoil; in- 
fect, defile, taint, violate; falsify, 
make void. 

vitis, -is, [vieo, twist], f., vine, 
grape-vine; vine-branch. 

vitium, -i, n., fault, blemish, de- 
fect; failing, offense, vice, crime. 

vito, -are, -avi, -atus, shun, avoid; 
evade, escape. 

vitulus, -i, m., calf. 

vivo, vivere, vixi, victus, live, re- 
side, dwell; sustain life, live at 
ease; last, endure. 



vivus, -a, -um, [vivo], adj., / 
living, having life; green, 

ous; of water, running, fresh. 
As subst., vivi, -orum, m., the 

living, those who arc a 

vix, adv., hardly, with difficulty, 
scarcely. 

voco, -are, -avi, -atus, [vox], 
call, summon, invoke, convoke, in- 
vite; call by name, name, desig- 
nate. 

volatus, -us, nom. not found, 
[volo, fly], m., flying, flight. 

volo, velle, volui, will, wish, desire, 
intend, purpose, mean; claim, 
assume, assert. 

volo, -are, -avi, -atus, fly; hasten, 
speed, flee. 

volubilis, -e, [volvo], adj., turning, 
twisting, spinning, whirling. 

volucer, -ucris, -ucre, [volo], adj., 
flying, winged, swift-flying, fleet, 
rapid, soaring. As subst., volu- 
cris, -is, f., bird. 

volvo, volvere, volvi, volutus, turn 
about; roll, revolve, toss, hurl, roll 
in the dust; meditate over, reflect 
on; consider; bring about. 

vomo, -ere, -ui, -itus, vomit, cast 
up, throw out, discharge, emit. 

votum, -i, [voveo], n., vow, pledge; 
wish, desire, prayer. 

voveo, -ere, vovi, votus, vow, 
pledge, dedicate, consecrate; wish, 
desire, long for. 

vox, vocis, f., voice, sound; call, 
cry, speech, song, word, utter- 
ance. 

vulgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [vulgus], 
spread abroad, make known, re- 
port. 



VULGUS 



66 



ZEPHYRUS 



vulgus, -I, n., common people, 

multitude, crowd, throng, mob, 

rabble. 
vulnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vulnus], 

wound. 
vulnus, -eris, n., wound, injury; 

blow, stroke; disaster, misfortune, 

calamity. 



vultus, -us, m., look, expression, 
features, face, countenance, visage. 



Zephyrus, -I, m., western breeze; 
god of the West-wind, West- 
wind. 



j 



